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BOOK STATE OF EUROPE BEFORE THE REFORMATION.

PREFACE TO VOLUME FIRST CHAPTER Christianity — Two distinctive Principles — Rise of the Papacy — Early Encroachments — Influence of Rome — Co-operation of the Bishops and of the Sects — Visible Unity of the Church — Invisible Unity of the Church — Primacy of St. Peter — Patriarchates — Co-operation of Princes — Influence of the Barbarians — Rome invokes the aid of the Franks — Secular Power — Pepin and Charlemagne — The Decretals — Disorders of Rome — The Emperor, the Pope’s Suzerain — Hildebrand — His Character — Celibacy — Struggle with the Empire — Emancipation of the Pope — Hildebrand’s Successors — The Crusades — The Empire — The Church CHAPTER -Grace — Dead Faith — Works — Unity and Duality — Pelagianism — Salvation at the Hands of the Priests — Penance — Flagellations — Indulgences — Works of Supererogation — Purgatory — The Tariff — Jubilee — The Papacy and Christianity — State of Christendom CHAPTER -Religion — Relics — Easter Revels — Morals — Corruption — Disorders of the Priests, Bishops, and Popes — A Papal Family — Alexander VI — Caesar Borgia — Education — Ignorance — Ciceronians CHAPTER -Imperishable Nature of Christianity — Two Laws of God — Apparent Strength of Rome — Secret Opposition — Decline — Threefold Opposition — Kings and People — Transformation of the Church — The Pope judged in Italy — Discoveries of Kings and their Subjects — Frederick the Wise — Moderation and Expectation CHAPTER -Popular Feeling — The Empire — Providential Preparations — Impulse of the Reformation — Peace — The Commonalty — National Character — Papal Yoke — State of the Empire — Opposition at Rome — Middle Classes — Switzerland — Courage — Liberty — Smaller Cantons — Italy — Obstacles to the Reform — Spain — Obstacles — Portugal — France — Preparations — Disappointment — The Low Countries — England — Scotland — The North — Russia — Poland — Bohemia — Hungary CHAPTER -Roman Theology — Remains of Life — Justification by Faith — Witnesses to the Truth — Claudius — The Mystics — The Waldenses — Valdo — Wickliffe — Huss — Prediction — Protestantism before the Reformation — Anselm — Arnoldi — Utenheim — Martin — New Witnesses in the Church — Thomas Conecte — The Cardinal of Crayn — Institoris — Savonarola — Justification by Faith — John Vitrarius — John Lallier — John of Wesalia — John of Goch — John Wessel — Protestantism before the Reformation — The Bohemian Brethren — Prophecy of Proles — Prophecy of the Eisenach Franciscan CHAPTER -Third Preparation — Letters — Revival — Recollections of Antiquity in Italy — Influence of the Humanists — Christianity of Dante — Valla — Infidelity in Italy — Platonic Philosophy — Commencement of Learning in Germany — Young Students — Printing — Characteristics of German Literature — The Learned and the Schoolmen — A New World — Reuchlin — Reuchlin in Italy — His Labors — His Influence in Germany — Mysticism — Contest with the Dominicans CHAPTER -Erasmus — Erasmus a Canon — At Paris — His Genius — His Reputation — His Influence — Popular Attack — Praise of Folly — Gibes — Churchmen — Saints — Folly and the Popes — Attack on Science — Principles — Greek New Testament — His Profession of Faith — His Labors and Influence — His Failings — Two Parties — Reform without Violence — Was such Possible? — Unreformed Church — His Timidity — His Indecision — Erasmus loses his Influence with all Parties CHAPTER -The Nobility — Different Motives — Hutten — Literary League — Literae Obscurorum Virorum — Their Effect — Luther’s Opinion — Hutten at Brussels — His Letters — Sickengen — War — His Death — Cronberg — Hans Sachs — General Ferment BOOK THE YOUTH, CONVERSION, AND EARLY LABORS OF LUTHER. 1483-1517.

CHAPTER Luther’s Descent — His Parents — His Birth — His Poverty — Paternal Home — Severity — First Knowledge — School of Magdeburg — Hardships — Eisenach — The Shunamite — House of Cotta — Arts — Recollections of these Times — His Studies — Trebonius — The University CHAPTER -The University — Scholastic Divinity and the Classics — Luther’s Piety — Discovery of the Bible — Illness — Luther admitted MA — Conscience — Death of Alexis — The Thunder Storm — Providence — Farewell — Luther enters a Convent CHAPTER -His Father’s Anger — Pardon — Humiliation — The Sack and the Cell — Endurance — Luther’s Studies — St Augustine — Peter d’Ailly — Occam — Gerson — The Chained Bible — Lyra — Hebrew and Greek — Daily Prayers — Asceticism — Mental Struggles — Luther during Mass — Useless Observances — Luther in a Fainting-fit CHAPTER -Pious Monks — Staupitz — His Piety — Visitation — Conversations — The Grace of Christ — Repentance — Power of Sin — Sweetness of Repentance — Election — Providence — The Bible — The aged Monk — Forgiveness of Sins — Ordination — The Dinner — Festival of Corpus Christi — Luther made Professor at Wittenberg CHAPTER -The University of Wittenberg — First Instructions — Biblical Lectures — Sensation — Luther Preaches at Wittenberg — The Old Chapel — Impression produced by his Sermons CHAPTER -Journey to Rome — Convent on the Po — Sickness at Bologna — Recollections of Rome — Julius II — Superstitious Devotion — Profanity of the Clergy — Conversations — Roman Scandals — Biblical Studies — Pilate’s Staircase — Effects on Luther’s Faith and on the Reformation — Gate of Paradise — Luther’s Confession CHAPTER -Luther returns to Wittenberg — Made Doctor of Divinity — Carlstadt — Luther’s Oath — Principle of the Reformation — Luther’s Courage — Early Views of Reformation — The Schoolmen — Spalatin — Reuchlin’s Quarrel with the Monks CHAPTER -Faith — Popular Declamations — Academic Teaching — Luther’s Purity of Life — German Theology or Mysticism — The Monk Spenlein — Justification by Faith — Luther on Erasmus — Faith and Works — Erasmus — Necessity of Works — Luther’s Charity CHAPTER -Luther’s First Theses — The Old Adam and Grace — Visitaton of the Convents — Luther at Dresden and Erfurth — Tornator — Peace and the Cross — Results of Luther’s Journey — His Labors — The Plague CHAPTER -The Relics — Relations of Luther with the Elector — Advice to the Chaplain — Duke George — His Character — Luther’s Sermon before the Court — Dinner at Court — Evening with Emser CHAPTER -Return to Wittenberg — Theses — Free Will — Nature of Man — Rationalism — Proposal to the University at Erfurth — Eck — Urban Regius — Luther’s Modesty — Effect of the Theses BOOK THE INDULGENCES AND THE THESES — MAY CHAPTER Procession — Tetzel — Tetzel’s Sermon — Confession — Four Graces — Sale — Public Penance — Letter of Indulgence — Exceptions — Amusements and Dissipation CHAPTER -The Franciscan Confessor — The Soul in the Burial-ground — The shoemaker of Hagenau — The Students — Myconius — Conversation with Tetzel — Trick of a Nobleman — Remarks of the Wise and of the people— A Miner of Schneeberg CHAPTER -Leo X — The Pope’s Necessities — Albert — His Character — Farming the Indulgences — Franciscans and Dominicans CHAPTER -Tetzel approaches — Luther in the Confessional — Tetzel’s Anger — Luther has no Plan — Jealousy on Orders — Luther’s Sermon — The Elector’s Dream CHAPTER -Festival of All-Saints — Theses — Their Strength — Moderation — Providence — Letter to Albert — Indifference of the Bishops — Dissemination of the Theses CHAPTER -Reuchlin — Erasmus — Flek — Bibra — The Emperor — The Pope — Myconius — The Monks — Apprehensions — Adelman — An aged Priest — The Bishop — The Elector — The Townspeople of Erfurth — Luther’s Answer — Disorder — Luther’s Mainspring CHAPTER -Tetzel’s Attack — Luther’s Reply — Good Works — Luther and Spalatin — Study of Scripture — Scheurl and Luther — Doubts on the Theses — Luther pleads for the People — A New Coat CHAPTER -Frankfort Discussion — Tetzel’s Theses — Menaces — Knipstrow’s Opposition — Luther’s Theses burnt — The Monks — Luther’s Peace — Tetzel’s Theses burnt — Grief of Luther CHAPTER -Prierio — System of Rome — Dialogue — System of Reform — Answer to Prierio — The Word — The Pope and the Church — Hochstraten — The Monks — Luther replies — Eck — The School — The Obelisks — Luther’s Sentiments — The Asterisks — Rapture CHAPTER -Popular Writings — The Lord’s Prayer — Our Father — Who art in Heaven — Hallowed by thy Name — They Kingdom come — Thy Will be done — Our Daily Bread — Sermon on Repentance — Remission of Sins cometh from Christ CHAPTER -Apprehensions of his Friends — Journey to Heidelberg — Bibra — Palatine Palace — Rupture — The Paradoxes — Disputation — The Audience — Bucer — Brentz — Snepf — Conversations with Luther — Labors of these young Doctors — Effects on Luther — The aged Professor — The true-Light — Arrival BOOK LUTHER BEFORE THE LEGATE MAY TO DECEMBER CHAPTER The Resolutions — Repentance — Papacy — Leo X — Luther to his Bishop — Luther to the Pope — Luther to the Vicar-general — Rovera to the Elector — Sermon on Excommunication — Influence and Strength of Luther CHAPTER -Diet at Augsburg — The Emperor to the Pope — The Elector to Rovera — Luther summoned to Rome — Luther’s Peace — Intercession of the University — Papal Brief — Luther’s Indignation — The Pope to the Elector CHAPTER -The Armorer Schwartzerd — His Wife — Philip — His Genius and Studies — The Bible — Call to Wittenberg — Melancthon’s Departure and Journey — Leipsic — Mistake — Luther’s Joy — Parallel — Revolution in Education — Study of Greek CHAPTER -Sentiments of Luther and Staupitz — Summons to appear — Alarm and Courage — The Elector with the Legate — Departure for Augsburg — Sojourn at Weimar — Nuremberg — Arrival at Augsburg CHAPTER -De Vio — His Character — Serra Longa — Preliminary Conversation — Visit of the Councillors — Return of Serra Longa — The Prior — Luther’s Discretion — Luther and Serra Longa — the Safe-conduct — Luther to Melancthon CHAPTER -First Appearance — First Words — Conditions of Rome — Propositions to be retracted — Luther’s Answer — He withdraws — Impression on both Parties — Arrival of Staupitz CHAPTER -Second Interview — Luther’s Declaration — The Legate’s Answer — His Volubility — Luther’s Request CHAPTER -Second Interview — Treasure of Indulgences — Faith — Humble Petition — Legate’s Reply — Luther’s Answer — The Legate’s Anger — Luther withdraws — First Defection CHAPTER -De Vio and Staupitz — Staupitz and Luther — Luther to Spalatin — Luther to Carlstadt — The Communion — Link and De Vio — Departure of Link and Staupitz — Luther to Cajetan — Cardinal’s Silence — Luther’s Farewell — Departure — Appeal to Rome CHAPTER -Luther’s Flight — Admiration — Luther’s Desire — The Legate to the Elector — The Elector to the Legate — Prosperity of the University CHAPTER -Thoughts on Departure — Farewell to the Church — Critical Moment — Deliverance — Luther’s Courage — Dissatisfaction at Rome — Bull — Appeal to a Council

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