Maacah ( 1 ) 1. Mother of Absalom ( 2 Samuel 3:3). 2. Daughter of Nahor ( Genesis 22:24). 3. father of Achish, king of Gath ( 1 Kings 2:39). 4. Grand-daughter of Abishalom ( 1 Kings 15:2,10,13). 5. Second wife of Caleb, mother of five of his children ( 1 Chronicles 2:48). 6. Daughter of Talmai and mother of Absalom ( 1 Chronicles 3:2). 7. Wife of Jehiel ( 1 Chronicles 8:29; 9:35). 8. Wife of Machir ( 1 Chronicles 7:15,16). 9. Father of Hanan ( 1 Chronicles 11:43). 9. Father of Shephatiah ( 1 Chronicles 27:16).

Maacah ( 2 ) (“oppression” ) A small kingdom on the northeast of Palestine, near Argob ( Deuteronomy 3:14), and Bashan ( Joshua 12:5), founded by a son of Nahor, Abraham’s brother ( Genesis 22:24). The people were not expelled, but mingled with the Jews. Eliphelet, of this nation, was one of David’s 30 captains ( 2 Samuel 23:34), and Jaazaniah was a captain in the army of Israel at the time of the Captivity.

Maachathi, Maachathites, the People of Maachah ( Deuteronomy 3:14).

Maadai Son of Bani ( Ezra 10:34).

Maadiah (“ornament of Jehovah” ) A priest who returned from captivity ( Nehemiah 12:5).

Maai (“compassion” ) Son of a priest at the dedication of the wall of Jerusalem ( Nehemiah 12:36).

Maaleh-Acrab-Bim .

Maani 4 (1 Esdras 9:34).

Maarath (“a bare place” ) In the hill country of Judah ( Joshua 15:59).

Maaseiah (“work of Jehovah” ) 20 persons of this name, but none very famous: 1. A descendant of Jeshua ( Ezra 10:18). 2. A priest ( Ezra 10:21). 3. Another priest ( Ezra 10:22). 4. A descendant of Pahath-Moab ( Ezra 10:30). 5. Father of Azariah ( Nehemiah 3:23). 6. An assistant of Ezra ( Nehemiah 8:4). 7. A Levite ( Nehemiah 8:7). 8. A chief ( Nehemiah 10:25). 9. Son of Baruch ( Nehemiah 11:5). 10. Ancestor of Sallu ( Nehemiah 11:7). 11. Ten priests who assisted Ezra ( Nehemiah 12:41,42). 12. Father of Zephaniah ( Jeremiah 21:1; 29:25). 13. Father of Zedekiah ( Jeremiah 19:21). 14. A porter of the temple ( 1 Chronicles 15:18,20). 15. Son of Adaiah ( 2 Chronicles 23:1). 16. An officer of high rank ( 2 Chronicles 26:11). 17. The “king’s son” ( 2 Chronicles 28:7). 18. Governor of Jerusalem ( 2 Chronicles 34:8). 19. Son of Shallum ( Jeremiah 35:4). 20. A priest ( Jeremiah 32:12).

Maasai A priest who returned from captivity and lived in Jerusalem ( Chronicles 9:12). .

Maasias 20 (Baruch 1:1).

Maath Son of Mattathias ( Luke 3:26).

Maaz (“anger” ) Son of Ram ( 1 Chronicles 2:27).

Maaziah (“consolation of Jah” ) 1. A priest ( 1 Chronicles 24:18). 2. A priest who signed the covenant ( Nehemiah 10:8).

Mabdai 8 (1 Esdras 9:34).

Mabnadebai ( Ezra 10:40 ). Macalon (1 Esdras 5:21 ). .

Maccabees . Macedonia The country north of Thessaly and the Aegean Sea, south of the Balkan mountains, extending to Trace on the east, and to Illyria on the west. There are two great plains, one watered by the Axius, which empties into the Thermaic gulf near Thessalonica, and the other by the Strymon, which flows by Philippi and Amphipolis into the Aegean Sea. Mount Athos is a peninsula between these two plains. Philip and Alexander ruled here, and the Romans conquered it from Perseus (B.C. 168.) In the New Testament times a proconsul of one district resided at Thessalonica, ruling over Macedonia, Thessaly, and a tract along the Adriatic ( Acts 16:9,10,12; 19:21, etc.). In the Apocrypha there are some notices of this country. Haman is called a Macedonian (Esther 16:10). The Maccabees mention Alexander, son of Philip (1 Macc. 1:1), who came out of the land of the Chettiim and smote Darius, king of the Persians and Medes. This was the first part of Europe that received the Gospel, by the labor of Paul and his companions ( Acts 16:9), who first preached to a small congregation of women ( Acts 16:13), on the banks of the Strymon near Philippi; and the first convert was a woman, .

Macedonian From (Esther 16:10,14). .

Machbanai (“thick one” ) Soldier of David at Ziklag ( 1 Chronicles 12:13).

Machbenah (“a mantle” ) A town built by Sheyah. Lost. ( 1 Chronicles 2:49).

Machi (“diminution” ) Father of Genel ( Numbers 13:15). Machir (“sold” ) 1. Son of Manasseh ( 1 Chronicles 7:14). His children were caressed by Joseph ( Genesis 1:21). 2. Son of Ammiel, a chief on the east side of Jordan River ( 2 Samuel 9:4,5).

Machirites, the People of Machir ( Numbers 26:29).

Machmadebai (“gift of the noble” ) Son of Bani ( Ezra 10:40).

Machpelah The district in which was the field of Ephron the Hittite, containing the cave which was bought by Abraham, and became the burial-place of Abraham himself, Sarah, Isaac, Rebekah, Leah and Jacob. This cave and the field around it was the only spot which belonged to Abraham in the country. The Haram at Hebron (see view of Hebron) is said to stand over this cave. It is a massive stone structure, in the ancient style, of dark gray stone, 200 feet long, 115 feet wide, and 50 feet high. Some of the stones are 12 to 20 feet long, by 4 to 5 feet thick, with beveled edges, like the temple wall at Jerusalem, and must be as old as Solomon’s time. There are shown inside of this building, which is now called a mosque, several small monuments, standing on the floor, each enclosed in a shrine, with iron railings. The first on the right as you enter is that of Abraham; on the left that of Sarah, each guarded by a silver gate. Isaac and Rebekah are also honored, each with a separate chapel; and also Jacob and Leah, opposite the entrance. The cave is under the floor, is in two rooms, and most strictly guarded from intrusion. The best description is given by Stanley (Jewish Church, etc.). This is almost the only spot on earth which attracts all who profess the simple creed “I believe in God.” And this is only the grave of an old shepherd, who lived under a tent there 4,000 years ago, whose only title was “The Friend,” which is now the Arab name of Hebron, Al Khulil.

Macron (“long head” ) Son of Dorymenes (1 Macc. 3:38), governor of Cyprus (2 Macc. 10:12).

Madai ( Genesis 10:2 ). Third son of Japheth, from whom descended the Medes. See 2 Kings 17:6; Daniel 11:1; Esther 1:3, in all of which passages the same original word is found, although differently translated in each.

Madiabun The son of Madiabun assisted at the Temple dedication (1 Esdras 5:58).

Madian ( Judges 2:26).

Madmannah (“dunghill” ) South in Judah, not far from Gaza ( Joshua 15:21,31). Beth Marcaboth?

Madmen ( Jeremiah 48:2 ). Included in the curse of Moab. Near Heshbon.

Madmenah ( Isaiah 10:31 ). A small village between Anathoth and Nob. The prophet said Madmenah flies (before the Assyrian).

Madness (shaga, “to be stirred or excited” ), ( 1 Samuel 21:13); halel, “to flash out”, as light or sound ( Proverbs 26:18); mainomai or “mania” ( John 10:20). Among Oriental nations madmen were looked upon with reverence, as possessed of a sacred character. .

Madon City of Canaan before the conquest, whose king, Jobab, was killed at the waters of Merom by Joshua ( Joshua 11:1-9). Somewhere in the north.

Maelus (1 Esdras 9:26 ). .

Magbish (“freezing” ) One hundred and fifty-six of the children of Magbish returned from captivity ( Ezra 2:30). In Benjamin. Lost.

Magdala (“tower” ) In most of the manuscripts the name is . Christ came into the limits of Magdala after the miracle of feeding the 4,000 on the other side of the lake ( Matthew 15:89). Now called El Mejdel, on the west shore of the Sea of Galilee, close to the water, about three miles north of Tiberius, at the southeast corner of the plain of Gennesaret. There was a watch-tower here that guarded the entrance to the plain. Here was the home of Mary Magdalene. Dalmanutha in Mark 8:10.

Magdalene, Mary of ( Mark 16:9).

Magdiel (“praise of El” ) A Duke of Edom ( Genesis 36:43).

Maged (1 Macc. 5:36 ).

Magi (Hebrew: chartumim; Greek: magoi.) Wise men, magicians, magians. They are credited all over the East with certain secret learning which in remote antiquity distinguished Egypt and Chaldaea. Among the Jews they were considered a sort of sacred scribes, skilled in divining, and interpreting the hidden meaning of certain passages of the Scriptures. In Egypt and Chaldaea they seem to have been the sole interpreters of secret things, the past and the future, but in Palestine they never ranked with the prophets, unless among the idolatrous people. The Books of Exodus and Daniel show their eminent position and influence, and pretense to occult knowledge. Some among them were probably free from superstition; men of sound minds, and finding in their books sounder views of the divine government of the world than the great body of their associates were capable of understanding. The exiled Jews carried to such as these the welcome knowledge of the true Jehovah. Of this class were the three who, as “wise men from the East,” came to see him who was born king of the Jews. The Gospel narrative is simple and direct. They were guided by a star, in which they saw the sign of the expected Messiah, which was then the “hope of all nations.” As magianism was then the chief religion of the kingdom of Parthia, it is supposed they came from that country, or it may be from Eastern Chaldea. Their dress and appearance commanded respect at Jerusalem, and their presents also indicated persons of no ordinary rank. (The presents do not seem to have raised Joseph and Mary above their condition of poverty). In the apocryphal book of Seth it is said that this “star” was a circle of light with a figure of a child and a cross over its head inside. The general opinion now is that it was a meteoric substance, divinely guided. The office of the star ended at the “manger,” for the magi were sent back by a dream ( Matthew 2:12). The number of the magi was not stated, but has been since fixed by the Roman Church as three, with the names Gaspar, Melchior, Balthasar, and the title of kings, whose relics are shown in Cologne, where they are honored as saints, and have a gorgeous monument. Psalm 72:10 is the foundation for this invention; “The kings of Tarshish and of the isles shall bring presents, the kings of Sheba and Saba shall offer gifts.” There is also a legend that they were converted by the apostle Thomas. The number three was supposed from the gifts being three, gold, frankincense, and myrrh. “The gold was a symbol of a king; the myrrh of the bitterness of the Passion, and the preparation of the tomb; the frankincense was offered in adoration of the divinity of the Son of God.” The Greek Church makes the occasion magnificent and important. The magi arrive with a grand escort of 1,000, who were part of an army of 7,000 who rested on the East bank of the Euphrates. They came on the expedition in obedience to a prophesy of Zoroaster, who said that in the latter days there should be a Mighty One, a Redeemer, and that a star should announce his coming. Twelve of the holiest priests had kept watch for this star for many ages, on the Mount of Victory. When the star appeared it was in the form of an infant with a cross, and a voice bade them to follow it to Judea, which they did, traveling two years, during all of which time their provisions and water were supplied by a miracle. The gifts were the identical ones that Abraham gave to the sons of Keturah, the Queen of Sheba returned to Solomon, and which had found their way back East again. The other fanciful legends would fill a volume, Magic Wonder-working, in some way beyond the ordinary powers of man. This is only a pretense, and has nothing to do with Natural Philosophy. The belief in magic as a reality is very wide-spread in the East, and is simply an undue exercise of certain mental faculties, which take the place of religion in undeveloped persons. Some races in Africa have no higher conception of God and religion than the supposed magical powers of the air, minerals, etc., and worship by incantations. Even the Shemites were not exempt, as appears in the notices of Laban’s images, but with them it took a kind of second rank to the true religion, being considered unlawful, but still very valuable as an aid to men in various selfish desires ( Genesis 31:19,30,32-35). This is the first notice of that superstition which in after time worked so much mischief in the Hebrew community. The name has been derived from Egypt, , a shade, figure, or rather, in Coptic, to change figure. The next instance in the history of the magician is in the account of Moses before Pharaoh. There is a little doubt as to the intention of the writer, whether he means to represent that the Egyptians were natural philosophers or practicers of magic arts (supernatural magic). They had notice of what Moses was to do, and had time to prepare an imitation, but in no case did they undo what the Hebrew workers did; for they did not restore the purity of the river Nile water, nor drive away the frogs, lice, and locusts, but they did increase the evil in each case, or appeared to do so. The Pharaoh did not expect anything more of them. When the last plague came, which they could not imitate, nor dare to increase, they acknowledged the “finger of God.” The Egyptian magicians counted Moses and Aaron as members of their own profession, possessed of a little more of the secret knowledge, or of some strange device unknown to them, and the Pharaoh seems to have thought the same, until the miracle of the boils appeared, which seems to have convinced him. When the plague of boils attacked the magicians they disappeared. They could not imitate that, nor dare to increase it in themselves. Some writers accept the theory that magic is an imitation of the divine sign-work — miracle — but the work of the Satan, or his inferior demons. The original Hebrew account of the work before Pharaoh says “the revealers (magicians) did so with their fumigations.” The tricks of the magicians in the case of Pharaoh were paralleled by that of Artabanus, who caused the wine in the cup of Xerxes to change from white to red which he interpreted to mean that the gods were displeased with the expedition (the displeased one was Artabanus.) The (“enchantment” or “serpent-divining”) of Balaam is the next point in this history. But it appears that this prophet knew the true Jehovah, and consulted him instead of the “evil demons.” All through the history of the Jews, as recorded in the Scriptures, in both the Old and New Testaments, the belief in the actual power of evil spirits is recognized, and called into use in many cases. The same superstition is still very powerful among the poorly informed, and leads to consulting fortunetellers, clairvoyants and other professors of the “black art.” Pliny’s Natural History is full of curious fables on this topic, and these fables were the only storehouse of the so-called wisdom of the magicians. The Roman Church has perpetuated this belief and practice in its miracle fables, such as in the life of Gregory of Neo Caesarea the Thaumaturgist (“wonder-worker”’), and the “Our Lady of Lourdes,” besides many other books of “Lives of Saints.” ( ). The notion of the “Elixir of Life” arose from the belief that Adam would have lived forever if he could have eaten from time to time of the fruit of the tree of life; but that being excluded from the garden, he died; and therefore if the true composition of the fruit can be discovered and used by men, it will restore youth from time to time, and so make man immortal. The “philosopher’s stone” is the same notion applied to minerals, which are to be purified by contact with a pure substance which changes all metals into gold — the purest known metal. The early Christian did not dispute the theory, but denied the possibility of discovering the true “Elixir” or the true “Stone.’ The immediate mischief of this “black art” is in promising power, pleasure, riches, wisdom, without the necessary sacrifice of study and labor. The Easterns now make Solomon a sort of king of magicians, ruling them with a certain “seal” (a six-pointed star — made of two triangles), and credit all manner of wonderful deeds. ( . Paul met this “imposition and crime” as it deserved on several occasions, the most noted that was recorded being at Ephesus, when so many of the books of magic were burned ( Acts 19:19), estimated at the value of $85,000. There is no evidence in the Scriptures that any real results were ever produced by these magicians; it was all trick, effect on the imagination and fancy, based on the known superstition and false instruction of the dupes. The Greek and Roman magicians were of the same character, and it is probable that all nations and tribes have a set of impostors of a like kind, descending from the magician to the serpent-charmers, fetish-men, clairvoyants, and medicine men of the Indians.

Magnifical ( 1 Chronicles 22:5 ). Grand, splendid. Magog Second son of Japheth ( Genesis 10:2), and founder of a race ( Revelation 20:8), the great Scythian tribe, now called Russian. Ezekiel places the nation in the north ( Ezekiel 39:2), near Togarmah, and the maritime regions of Europe ( Ezekiel 39:6). They had cavalry and used bows. In the 7th century B.C. they were a formidable power, felt through the whole of Western Asia. They took Sardis (B.C. 629), and overran the country as far as Egypt, where they were turned back by a bribe given by Psammetichus, and took Ascalon.

Magor-Missabib (“terror on every side” ) Name given to Pashur by Jeremiah ( Jeremiah 20:3). The same words are found in other passages, but not as a name ( Jeremiah 6:25; 20:10; 46:5; 49:29; Lamentations 2:22; Psalm 31:13).

Magpiash (“moth-killer” ) A chief who signed the covenant ( Nehemiah 10:20). Magabish in Ezra 2:30.

Mahalah (“sickness” ) One of the children of Hammoleketh ( 1 Chronicles 7:18).

Mahalaleel (“praise God” ) 1. Son of Cainan ( Genesis 5:12,13,15,17). 2. Descendant of Perea, son of Judah ( Nehemiah 11:4).

Mahalath (“a lyre” ) 1. Daughter of Ishmael ( Genesis 28:9). 2. First wife of King Rehoboam ( 2 Chronicles 11:18). 3. Mahalath, a stringed instrument like the kithara (“harp”), and used in the sacred chant (Psalm 53, title; Genesis 4:21). 4. Mahalath Leannoth, the beginning of a song ( Psalm 88:1).

Mahali ( Exodus 6:19 ).

Mahanaim (“two camps” ) 18 miles east of Jordan, and 10 north of Jerash, now Birket Manneh (Tristram). Here Jacob divided his people and flocks into two bands, through fear of Esau. At the conquest it was a city on the border of the two tribes, Gad and Manasseh, but given to Gad ( Joshua 13:26,30; 21:38). Abner selected it as the capital of the kingdom of Ishbosheth, crowning him there king over all Israel ( 2 Samuel 2:8,9). David took refuge there when Absalom rebelled, and sat between the two gates of the walled city when the news of the death of his son was brought to him ( Samuel 17:24; 18:24,33), and retired to the chamber over the gate to weep for him. It was the seat of an officer of Solomon, and is alluded to in Song of Solomon 6:13 — “ Two armies” — Mahanaim. The name is found on the monuments in Egypt, at Karnak. .

Mahanehdan (“camp of Dan” ) Behind Kirjath Jearim ( Judges 18:12, see Judges 18:22-26). Where the Danites camped just before setting out for their northern home.

Maharai (“impetuous” ) General of the tenth division in David’s army, numbering twenty-four thousand ( 1 Chronicles 27:13).

Mahath (“grasping” ) 1. Son of Amasai ( 1 Chronicles 6:35). . 2. A Kohathite who had charge of the tithes in the reign of Hezekiah ( Chronicles 29:12).

Mahavite, the One of David’s strong men ( 1 Chronicles 11:46).

Mahazioth (“visions” ) Son of Heman, chief of the twenty-third choir of musicians ( Chronicles 25:4,30).

Maher-Shalal-Hashbaz The name was given by divine direction and means that Damascus and Samaria now soon to be plundered by the king of Assyria ( Isaiah 8:1-4).

Mahlah (“disease” ) Daughter of Zelophehad ( Numbers 27:1-11).

Mahli (“sickly” ) 1. Son of Merari ( Numbers 3:20). 2. Son of Mushi ( 1 Chronicles 6:47).

Mahlites, the Descendants of MAHLI ( Numbers 3:33; 26:58).

Mahlon (“sickly” ) First husband of . Son of Elimelech ( Ruth 1:2,5; 4:9,10).

Mahol (“musical instrument,” <19F004>Psalm 150:4 ). Teacher of , , and , musicians, and famous for wisdom next to Solomon ( 1 Kings 4:31).

Maianeas (1 Esdras 9:48 ).

Makaz (“end” ) 1 Kings 4:9 ). In Dan.

Maked (1 Macc. 5:26 ). A strong and great city in Gilead. Where Judas Maccabaesus delivered the Jews from the Ammonites. Lost.

Makheloth (“assemblies” ) Desert camp ( Numbers 33:25).

Makkedah (“shepherd camp” ) An ancient royal city of Canaan taken by Joshua after the defeat of the allied kings at Gibeon ( Joshua 10:28; 12:16). This stronghold was the first one taken in this region. El Klediah, in Wady es Sumt. There are many caves in this part of the country, but no one has been identified as the cave.

Maktesh (“mortar” ) A quarter or part of Jerusalem ( Zephaniah 1:11). The merchants and mechanics gathered their shops in and around the Tyropeon valley. The Bazaar is now in the same ancient place.

Malachi .

Malcham 1. Son of Shaharaim ( 1 Chronicles 8:9). 2. An idol invested with honors by its worshipers ( Zephaniah 1:5).

Malchia (“Jah’s king” ) 1. Son of Levi ( 1 Chronicles 6:40). 2. Son of Parosh ( Ezra 10:25). 3. Son of Harim ( Ezra 10:31). 4. Son of Rechab, ruler of the circuit of Beth-haccerem ( Nehemiah 3:14). 5. Son of Zephaniah, who assisted in rebuilding the wall of Jerusalem ( Nehemiah 3:31). 6. A priest who stood with Ezra when he read the Law to the people ( Nehemiah 8:4). 7. Father of Pashur ( Nehemiah 11:12). 8. Son of Hammelech ( 2 Chronicles 28:7).

Malchiel (“God’s king” ) Son of Beriah ( Genesis 46:17). Founder of Birzavith ( 1 Chronicles 7:31).

Malchielites The descendants of Malchiel ( Numbers 26:45).

Malchijah 1. A priest, father of Pashur ( 1 Chronicles 9:12). 2. Chief of the fifth of the twenty-four courses by David ( 1 Chronicles 24:9). 3. A layman ( Ezra 10:25). 4. Descendant of Harim ( Nehemiah 3:11). 5. A priest who sealed the covenant ( Nehemiah 10:3). 6. A priest who assisted in the dedication of the wall of Jerusalem ( Nehemiah 12:42).

Malchiram (“king of altitude” ) Son of Jeconiah ( 1 Chronicles 3:18).

Malchishua (“king of help” ) Son of Saul ( 1 Samuel 14:49).

Malchus Servant of the high priest maimed by Peter and restored by Jesus ( John 18:10; Luke 22:51).

Maleleel Son of Cainan ( Luke 3:37).

Mallos (“a lock of wool” ), (2 Macc. 4:30 ). A city of Cilicia, 20 miles from Tarsus, at the mouth of the river Pyramus.

Mallothi (“fullness” ) Pupil of Heman and leader of the nineteenth choir ( 1 Chronicles 25:4,26).

Mallows ( ). The leaves and pods used as a pot-herb, eaten in Arabia and Palestine ( Job 30:4).

Malluch (“reigning” ) 1. Ancestor of Ethan ( 1 Chronicles 6:44). 2. Son of Bani ( Ezra 10:29). 3. Descendant of Harim ( Ezra 10:32). 4. A priest ( Nehemiah 10:4). 5. A chief who signed the covenant ( Nehemiah 10:27). 6. A priest who returned from captivity ( Nehemiah 12:2).

Mamaias (1 Esdras 8:44 ). Mammon (“riches” ), ( Matthew 6:24 ).

Mamre ( 1 ) (“fruitfulness” ) An ancient Amorite in alliance with Abram ( Genesis 14:13-24); his name was given to the site on which was built ( Genesis 23:17,19).

Mamre ( 2 ) Faces Machpelah ( Genesis 23:17, etc). One of Abraham’s favorite camping-grounds. In its grove he had a sanctuary, which he called his Bethel (“house of God”). Here Abraham entertained the three angels, and Isaac was promised. The name has not been preserved in any locality.

Mamuchus (1 Esdras 9:30 ).

Man Four Hebrew words are rendered man: 1. adam , ruddy, like Edom. 2. iysh , “a man”; enesh , “a woman”. 3. geber , “to be strong”. 4. merhim (mortal) men (as in Methusael, Methuselah). The Adam (haadam , “the man”) was the person created in the image of God. The term “red” in the Eastern languages means many different tints or tones of red; as a red horse or camel, and, when used of a man, means “fair.” Some explain the word as derived from adamah , earth, because he was made from the dust or earth. The word Enoch (“strong, or nobleman”) is a compound of the word iysh . The variant Enoch is only apparent in orthography, the meaning being the same.

Manaen Teacher in the church at Antioch ( Acts 13:1). Josephus says he was in high repute among the Essenes for wisdom and piety. He foretold to Herod the Great that he was to attain royal honors.

Manahath ( 1 ) (“offering” ) A place called Mariocho in a list of eleven towns given in the Septuagint, but omitted in the King James Version, as not far from Bethlehem.

Manahath ( 2 ) Son of Shobal ( Genesis 36:23).

Manasseas Son of Pahath-Moab (1 Esdras 9:31; Ezra 10:30).

Manasseh There is no reason given for depriving Manasseh of his birthright, as there was in the case of his grand-uncle Esau. On leaving Egypt at the Exode this was the least of the twelve tribes, numbering at Sinai only 32,200, but at the census, just before the crossing of the Jordan River, they had increased to 52,700 men over 20 years old, at which Manasseh is honored with a first mention before Ephraim. The division of the tribe is one of the singular facts in the history of the Israelites, and seems to be at variance with the national feeling and laws. Some of this tribe were warriors, and made entensive conquests: as Machir, who took Gilead and Bashan; Jair who took 60 cities in Argob; and Nobah, who captured Kenath and its vicinity, a tract of country the most difficult in the whole land, being full of fortified cities, and in the possession of Og and Sihon. ( , , , , , , etc.). The lot of the half-tribe west of the Jordan River was small, lying along the north border of Ephraim, but since the boundary is so slightly recorded it is very difficult to follow it. The line is drawn from the river Kanah (supposing that river to have been just south of Caesarea), to a place on the Jordan River before Shechem” ( Joshua 17:7,9,11; Josephus, Antiquities v. 1:22). , , , , and ). There is no account of this tribe separate from Ephraim, and it is likely that the two neighbors were spoken of as one people ( 2 Chronicles 31:1; 34:6,9).

Manasses 1. (1 Esdras 9:33). 2. King of Judah ( Matthew 1:10). . 3. Son of Joseph ( Revelation 7:6). 4. Husband of Judith ( Judges 8:2,7). .

Manassites, the Members of the tribe of Manasseh ( Deuteronomy 4:43).

Mandrakes ( Song of Solomon 7:13 ). The mandrake is now called . The odor or flavor of the plant is a matter of opinion. They have a delightful smell, and the taste is agreeable, though not to everybody. The Orientals especially value strongly smelling things, that to more delicate senses are unpleasing. The fruit was ripe as the time of wheat harvest. From a rude resemblance of old roots of the mandrake to the human form, some strange superstitious notions have arisen concerning it (Josephus Wars, vii. 6, section 3). The leaves are dark-green, the flowers white, with veins of purple, and the fruit orange, and the size of nutmegs. Manger (Greek: phatne ). The feeding-place for animals, or a trough made of mortar or cut out of single stones. .

Mani (1 Esdras 9:30 ).

Manlius, Titus (“born early in the morning” ) Ambassador of the Romans (2 Macc. 11:34-38). Manna (Hebrew: man ). A month after leaving Egypt the people were in want of food, and murmured against their leaders, when the quails were sent in the evening and the manna appeared in the morning, after the “dew was gone up.” It was a small round thing, like hoar-frost or coriander seed, and the people said “what is this?” (manhu ). Moses answered that it was the bread that the Lord had given them to eat ( Exodus 16:1-3,11-15). Its flavor was like wafers of flour-bread and honey. The gummy drops which form on the leaves of the tamarisk are of a similar sweetish substance, as also the tarfa gum, and several other articles called manna in Arabia; but the true manna was none of these, and probably a distinct thing made for the occasion. Its similarity to other things offers no explanation of its character. It came without notice, and as abruptly discontinued. Botanists have tried to explain the thing by references to many articles, as esculent lichen, which is eaten in Northern Africa. It is a species of moss. Some have considered the miracle as multiplying the natural supplies of the desert as that of the loaves and fish was at Bethsaida, increasing five loaves and two fish.

Manoah (“rest” ) Father of ( Judges 13:2).

Man-slayer Not an intentional murderer. Death by a blow in a quarrel ( Numbers 35:22). Death by a stone thrown at random ( Numbers 22:23). In these and like cases the man-slayer could escape to a . An animal, not known to be vicious, causing death to a person was put to death; but if it was known to be vicious, the owner was liable to be fined or put to death ( Exodus 21:28,31). A thief taken at night might lawfully be put to death; but if the sun had risen, killing him was regarded as ( Exodus 22:23). Mantle (Hebrew: SEMICHAH ). See cloak in .

Maoch (“breast-band” ) Father of . King of Gath ( 1 Samuel 27:2).

Maon In the mountains of Judah ( Joshua 15:55), near Juttah. It was in the wilderness near this place (bleak and hilly pasture-lands) that David hid himself from Saul. Main 7 miles southeast of Hebron (Rob.). On a conical hill, 200 feet high, are ruins of foundations of hewn stone a square enclosure, towers, and cisterns. The people use the caves near for dwellings, as of old.

Maonites ( Judges 10:12 ). An ancient and powerful nomad tribe, allied to the Phoenicians, first settled with the Amalekites in the vale of Sodom, and afterward migrated eastward into Arabia. They named Maon in Judah, Beth-Maon in Moab, and Maan in Edom,15 miles east of Petra. This last is now an important pilgrim station, on the caravan route to Mecca. A castle and other antiquities mark its ancient strength. Mehunim ( 2 Chronicles 26:7). Among the descendants of Caleb, the son of Shammai, the builder of Bethzur ( 1 Chronicles 2:45).

Mara (“bitter” ) The name given to at Bethlehem ( Ruth 1:20).

Marah (“bitter” ) Well, on the route of the Exodus. .

Maralah (“trembling” ) On the border of Zebulon ( Joshua 19:11). Four miles southwest of Nazareth, the little village of Malul stands on a hill, and contains the ruins of a temple and other antiquities.

Maranatha (“our Lord comes” ), ( 1 Corinthians 16:22 ). . Marble Called by Josephus “white stone”, quarried from under Jerusalem ( Esther 1:6). The vast excavation under the northeast section of Jerusalem, so long lost, was discovered a few years ago by Dr. J. T. Barclay, author of “The City of the Great King, and since that time has been visited by many travelers. It is entered from outside of the wall of the city, east of the Damascus Gate. A guide is necessary to avoid getting lost, there are so many chambers running into each other for nearly 8OO feet from the entrance. There is water in the cave, but it is limy and bitter. On the walls are carved crosses, Hebrew letters, and other marks, showing that the place has been known since the crucifixion. The chalky limestone of Palestine is full of caves, many of which are noted. ( ). The white stone of this quarry is nearly as soft as chalk, and is easily cut out with a saw. The cream-colored is also streaked with orange-tawny and other similar tints, in coarse and fine, wavy lines; is much harder than the white, and is called dolomite. The marble columns of Tyre, Caesarea, Joppa and other ruins, were probably imported, as there are no quarries of such hard, fine, white marble known in the country.

Marcus (“a large hammer” ) Both a first and a surname ( Colossians 4:10).

Mardochius . 1. Uncle of Esther ( Esther 10:1). 2. (1 Esdras 5:8).

Mareshah (“head-town” ) 1. A city of Judah ( Joshua 15:44). Hebron was founded by Mareshah ( 1 Chronicles 2:42). It was one of the cities fortified by Rehoboam ( 2 Chronicles 11:8). It was the native place of Eliezer, who prophesied the destruction of Jehoshaphat’s fleet at Ezion Geber. 2. Father of Hebron ( 1 Chronicles 2:42). 3. Mareshah, grandson of ( 1 Chronicles 4:21), Marimoth A priest (2 Esdras 1:2).

Marisa (2 Macc. 12:35 ).

Mark . Market (maarab ). An open place, where people came for business or to converse ( Ezekiel 27:13,17). The market-place was a resort for news and social chat ( Matthew 11:16; Luke 7:32). There justice was administered, especially if it was at a gate. They were generally open places just inside the gate, although there were other localities for certain occupations, as Bakers’ street ( Jeremiah 37:21), and many others mentioned by Josephus. They were probably covered by a roof, forming a piazza.

Marmoth A priest (1 Esdras 8:62).

Maroth (“bitterness” ) Mentioned by the prophet Micah ( Micah 1:12), and probably near Jerusalem. Marriage Instituted in the garden of Eden ( Genesis 1:27; 28:2:18,24). The Saviour advocated the divine character of marriage apart from civil laws. He opposed divorces except for one cause ( Matthew 5:32; 19:3,6,9), and all breaches of the marriage vow ( Matthew 5:28). Betrothal preceded the marriage rite and was a binding engagement ( Matthew 1:18-25). Groomsman referred to as “the friend of the bridegroom” in John 3:29. A procession formed part of the ceremony, and took place at night accompanied by young unmarried women bearing lamps (Matthew 25). The modern Jews make a solemn contract before witnesses, in writing, which is signed. The ceremony consists of the bride standing in her best garments, and jewelry (borrowed if necessary), under a canopy, beside the bridegroom, where the contract is read to them by a Rabbi, and their hands are joined in the presence of witnesses. A glass of wine is tasted by both, when the glass is broken by the bridegroom, and a ring is given to the bride, of plain gold. In nearly all cases in the East a dower is given for the wife, which belongs to her. Some few parents (as the Circassians) take the dower as a price paid for the daughter. The Muslim custom is to pay the bride two-thirds of the dower, reserving the other part until her death or divorce. The Hebrews called the husband lord (BAAL ). The first wife was the only one recognized by the civil law, but all others were valid in the Church ( 2 Chronicles 24:3; 2 Samuel 12:8), where (in the law of Moses) the second, or other wife, was called maid-servant ( Exodus 21:7). The rich often married poor relatives to give them support and protection. The strongest motive for a plurality of wives was the great desire for many children, and the fact that many women are barren ( Samuel 1:2). The Talmudists limited the number to four, except in the case of the king who could have eighteen. Polygamy was only prohibited by an imperial edict of Honorius, A.D. 400. Just before the Christian era the idea arose that marriage affected the intellectual and spiritual nature. Up to that time the Hebrews taught it as a duty, but then it was urged that its effect was to lessen man’s holiness, the teaching of the Essenes, an ascetic order of celibates (Josephus, Wars, ii. 8; 2, 13). The Therapeutae and Gnostics adopted the same idea, from whom the Christians copied it, forming monastic orders (a monk is a living insult to woman), in direct opposition to the instruction of Jesus and his apostles, who recognized the duty and holiness of the state, and enjoined respect to its laws. In the case of a widow it was regarded as a sign of holiness to remain a widow, in the latter time only, for it is expressly charged upon a brother to raise up children to a deceased brother ( Genesis 38:8,) by his widow (by Moses, Matthew 22:23). The same custom (Levirate marriage, from Levir, a brother-in-law,) was and is held among other people, as in the case of the Ossetes in Georgia (Asia), and Arabia, with some changes, which include the privilege of the father of the deceased husband to claim the widow for a wife if the brother refuses. (Perhaps in consequence of Judah’s example). The laws regulating legal marriage were very strict, and were of two kinds: 1. when between two Hebrews, and 2. when a Hebrew married a Gentile. The first restriction was based on ideas of health and propriety among relatives ( Leviticus 18:6-18), both of blood kin, and by marriage, because the husband and wife were “one flesh” ( Matthew 19:5). Surprising exceptions were made in the cases of the daughter and the niece; a man might marry his daughter and his niece; but the mother could not marry a son or a nephew. An heiress could not marry out of her tribe (out of policy, in keeping the land in the original owner’s tribe). The high priest must only marry a young unmarried woman, a Hebrew, never a widow, or one divorced, or a Gentile. No person physically defective could marry. The apostle restricted church officers to one wife, and prohibited a second marriage during the lifetime of the first, even after divorce. The wife could divorce her husband for some causes. There was no rule in regard to age, except that early marriage is commended ( Proverbs 2:17; 5:18; Isaiah 62:5). The age at which marriage may be consummated is from 12 (or even 10), upward, in a woman; and was limited to 13 in a man. The usual age varies from 16 to 18. The first marriage (of virgins) is usually on a Wednesday; a second, as of a widow, etc., on Thursday. The wife is almost always chosen for a man by his parents, if living, or by his guardian, or a friend, or relations (Genesis 24). The son could request such favors ( Genesis 24:4); but if the son broke this custom the parents had “a grief of mind” (26:35). The maid’s consent was asked in some cases (but not as a rule), after her father’s decision. A friend sometimes did the whole business of selecting the bride for the bridegroom; and in modern days the bridegroom seldom sees the face of his wife until the actual moment of marriage, or until after the ceremony. The espousal was legal and binding, confirmed by oaths, a feast, sometimes a ring to the “bride,” and exchange of presents, or at least presents to the bride. A year passed between betrothal and marriage in the case of a first marriage of the woman, a few weeks or days if a second. The custom of a settlement of property on the wife came into use after the Captivity. The bridegroom wore a new dress, if able, and a crown of gold, silver, roses, myrtle or olive. The bride’s dress, among the wealthy, was a magnificent display of fine clothes and curious traditions. Both parties perfumed themselves. The bride took a bath ( Ruth 3:3; Ephesians 5:26) in a formal manner, accompanied by her relatives and friends ( Ezekiel 23:40). After putting on her finest garments, around her waist was wound a peculiar girdle (KISHURIM , the attire, Jeremiah 3:32); and over her head was thrown the veil or long shawl ( Genesis 29:25), covering the whole figure; while on her head was set a crown ornamented with jewels, or a chaplet of leaves and flowers (KALLAH , chaplet, also bride). A pair of ornamented slippers were a gift from the husband before marriage. The moderns carry the presents to the bride in procession through the street, with bands of music, instrumental and vocal, nearly everyone carrying a lantern; arriving at the bride’s house, she is escorted to the bridegroom’s house, where the marriage feast is held. The very wealthy prolong the feast several days, furnishing garments for each guest, to be worn only during the time. Amusements of many kinds are in order. There were three kinds of legal marriage: 1. By written contract; 2. By payment of a sum of money (or an equivalent) before witnesses; and 3. By force — as a man compelling a woman to submit to him, or by seduction. The wife’s rights were food, raiment (including house), and conjugal privileges ( Exodus 21:10). Her duties were as extensive as the entire household as shown in Proverbs 31: Marriage is used as a type in both the Old and New Testaments of true religious union with God in many beautiful passages.

Mars Hill .

Marsena (“worthy man” ) A prince of Persia ( Esther 1:14). Martha Daughter of Simon the leper, and sister of and of . She was the older sister, the head and manager of the household. She was present at the supper at Bethany ( John 12:2). When Jesus first visited Martha’s house ( Luke 10:38-42), she hastened to provide the repast, while Mary was attracted by the teaching of the Master, when Martha complained of Mary’s neglect of the work to be done, forgetting the one thing needful (the thirst for spiritual waters?).

Martha’s character appears again in the same light at the time of the sickness, death and resurrection of Lazarus. She hastened out of the village to meet the coming Saviour, while Mary sat still in the house and awaited his coming ( John 11:20,22). Her anxiety clouded her perception of the true meaning of the words of Jesus, “He shall rise again,” supposing that he referred only to the general belief in the resurrection beyond the grave. When she learned the truth she made a confession of faith in him as “The resurrection and life,” and acknowledged his power and goodness, although a moment before she had objected to rolling away the stone from the door of the tomb, supposing the body of Lazarus to be decayed. Her death is not recorded. Mary (“rebellion” ) Greek form of Miriam. There are six Mary’s in the New Testament: 1. The betrothed of Joseph and mother of Christ, Matthew 1:18-25; Matthew 12:46; Mark 6:3; Luke 8:19; John 2:1-5; John 19:26; Acts 1:14. 2. Wife of Cleophas, Matthew 27:56,61; Matthew 28:1-9; Mark 16:1-8; Luke 24:1-10. 3. Mother of John Mark, Acts 12:12; Colossians 4:10. 4. Sister of Martha and Lazarus, Luke 10:41,42; John 11:12. 5. Mary Magdalene, Matthew 28:1-10; Mark 16:1-10; Luke 24:10, John 20:1-18. 6. A Roman Convert, Romans 16:6. Three Marys were at the cross, John 19:25.

Martyr (Greek: martus ). “Witnesses” in Matthew 18:16. Simply witness. Witnesses of the gospel, suffering persecution, became martyrs in the modern sense.

Masaloth (“terraces” ) Near Arbela: the great caverns in the Wady al Humam (pigeon valley), which were fortified by Josephus (Josephus, Life,37). Kulaet Ibu Maan. Herod drove a band of robbers out of them by letting soldiers down the face of the cliff to the mouth of the caves in large boxes.

Maschil A musical term denoting a melody requiring great skill in execution (Psalm 32; Psalm 42).

Mash ( Genesis 10:23 ). 4th son of Aram; settled in Mesopotamia. Mr. Masius (between the Euphrates and the Tigris, in the north), and the river Mafche flowing at its base, preserve the name. A prince of Masou was taken by Rameses II on the Orontes, at Kedesh.

Mashel City of Asher ( 1 Chronicles 6:74). Hisheal ( Joshua 19:26).

Masias Servant of Solomon (1 Esdras 5:34).

Masman (1 Esdras 8:43 ).

Maspha (1 Macc. 3:46 ). 1. Massepha, or Mizpeh? 2. A city taken by Judas Maccabaeus, east of Jordan River (1 Macc. 5:35). It may be the same as Mizpeh of Gilead, or Mizpeh of Moab.

Masrekah (“vineyard” ) Native city of Samlah, king of Edom ( Genesis 36:36). The region called Jebal, north of Edom, is now famous for its vineyards (owned by the Refaya tribe), and this place may have been located there, as Eusebius and Jerome say.

Massa (“burden” ) Son of Ishmael ( Genesis 25:14). Massah (“temptation” ) In the Sinai desert ( Exodus 17:2,7). . .

Massias (1 Esdras 9:22 ).

Mastich-Tree The gain is used to strengthen the teeth and gums. It was prized by the ancients on this account, and for its medical properties. It is used in the preparation of spirits, as a sweetmeat, and in varnishes. The trees are very wide, and circular, 10 or 12 feet high, and are found on the shores of the Mediterranean.

Mathanias A descendant of Pahath-Moab (1 Esdras 9:31).

Mathusala Son of Enoch ( Luke 3:37).

Matred (“propelling” ) Daughter of Mezahab ( Genesis 36:39).

Matri (“rain of Jah” ) Family of Benjamin ( 1 Samuel 10:21).

Mattan (“a gift” ) 1. Priest of Baal ( 2 Kings 11:18). 2. Father of Shephatiah ( Jeremiah 38:1).

Mattanah (“gift” ) Station southeast of the Dead Sea ( Numbers 21:18).

Mattaniah (“gift of Jah” ) 1. Original name of , king of Judah (1 Kings 24:17). 2. Son of Asaph ( 1 Chronicles 9:15). He was leader of a Temple-choir ( 1 Chronicles 11:17). 3. a descendant of Asaph ( 2 Chronicles 20:14). 4. Son of Elam ( Ezra 10:26). 5. Son of Zattu ( Ezra 10:27). 6. Descendant of Pahath-Moab ( Ezra 10:30). 7. Son of Bani ( Ezra 10:37). 8. Father of Zaccur ( Nehemiah 13:13). 9. Pupil of Heman ( 1 Chronicles 25:4,16). 10. Descendant of Asaph, who assisted in the purification of the Temple ( 2 Chronicles 29:13).

Mattatha Son of Zathan ( Luke 3:31).

Mattathah A descendant of Hashum ( Ezra 10:33).

Mattathias 1. An assistant to Ezra (1 Esdras 9:43). 2. Father ofMACCABEES (1 Macc. 2:1). 3. Son of Absalom (1 Macc. 11:70; 13:11). 4. Son of Simon Maccabaeus (1 Macc. 16:14). 5. Nicanor’s envoy (2 Macc. 14:19). 6. Son of Amos ( Luke 3:25). 7. Son of Semei ( Luke 3:26).

Mattenai 1. Of the family of Hashum (Ezra 11:33). 2. Descendant of Bani (Ezra 11:37). 3. A priest ( Nehemiah 12:19). Matthan Son of Eleazar ( Matthew 1:15).

Matthanias Descendant of Elam (1 Esdras 9:27).

Matthat 1. Son of Levi ( Luke 3:24). 2. Son of Levi (29).

Matthelas (1 Esdras 9:19 ).

Matthew (Mattathias, “the gift of Jehovah” ) He is only mentioned at the time of his call to be an apostle, when he was in “the receipt of custom,” ( Matthew 9:9). Mark gives him another name— Levi, the son of Alphaeus ( Mark 2:14; 3:18) who has been supposed to have been the same as the Alphaes the father of James the Less, but without reason. On his call he gave a feast by way of a farewell to his friends, to which Jesus was invited ( Luke 5:27). His humility is seen in his styling himself “the publican” ( Matthew 10:3). He was with the other apostles after the resurrection ( Acts 1:13). After this there is no record of him or his acts. It is not known how or where he died. There is a tradition that he lived in Jerusalem 15 years after the crucifixion, and that he became a martyr in Persia. for the . Matthias 1. (1 Esdras 9:33). 2. An apostle chosen to succeed Judas ( Acts 1:26). Tradition says he preached in Cappadocia.

Mattithiah (“gift” ) 1. First born of Shallurn ( 1 Chronicles 9:31). 2. A musician of David’s choir ( 1 Chronicles 16:5). 3. Of the family of Zebo ( Ezra 10:43). 4. A priest who assisted Ezra ( Ezra 8:4). 5. Son, or pupil of Jeduthun, leader of the 14th Temple choir ( Chronicles 25:3,21).

Matlock (chereb ). A single-headed pick-axe. The Egyptian hoe was of wood, and answered for hoe, spade and pick ( 1 Samuel 13:20,21).

Maul ( ). A heavy, war-like instrument ( Proverbs 25:18). .

Mauzzim (“forts” ) Layard (Nin. ii. 456) after describing Hera, the Assyrian Venus, as “standing erect on a lion, and crowned with a tower or mural coronet, which, we learn from Lucian, was peculiar to the Semetic figure of the goddess,” adds, “May she be connected with the `El Maozem,’ the deity presiding over bulwarks and fortresses, the ‘god of forces’ of Daniel 11:38.”

Mazitias (1 Esdras 9:35 ).

Mazzaroth .

Meadow (Hebrew: achu ), ( Genesis 41:2,18 ). Translated meadow. Rendered “cave” in the Peshito-Syriac.

Meah (“a hundred” ) The tower of Meah was on the city wall north of the sheep-gate, when rebuilt by Nehemiah ( Nehemiah 3:1; 12:39). Located by some at the northwest corner of the Temple area, where the fortress of Antonia was afterward built, and now called Pilate’s house. Porter locates it at the northeast corner of the Harem area, where there are massive foundations.

Meals The Jews generally eat their dinner before noon, and their supper after sundown. The chief meal of the Jews was in the evening; of the Egyptians it was at noon. The early Hebrews sat or squatted round a low table upon which the meal was served, but in later times couches were used to recline upon before the tables. The guests were ranged in order of rank side by side ( Genesis 43:33), resting upon the left elbow, the right arm being free — this posture explains the text leaning on Jesus’ bosom ( John 13:23; 21:20). The dishes, as they are to this day, were generally stews of rice, beans, and burgal (cracked wheat), with soups or sauces. The meats were so cooked that when served they fell to pieces. Knives and forks were not used at the table, but spoons, and generally thin slices of bread, were doubled up and dipped into the dishes, all eating from the same dish. These pieces of bread also served the purpose of napkins. It was after this manner that Judas eat of the sauce or sop at the Last Supper ( John 13:26). Washing of the hands, from being a necessity, was elevated to a form and ceremony.

Meani (1 Esdras 5:31 ).

Mearah (“cave” ) Boundary of the unconquered land near Zidon ( Joshua 13:4). Half way between Tyre and Sidon are ruins called Adlan, and in the cliffs near are many caves and grottos (Rob.). William of Tyre mentions a fortified care near Sidon, occupied by the Crusaders. Meat lehem , “bread” ( 1 Samuel 20:24); teref “spoil” ( <19B105> Psalm 111:5); Greek: bromu and brosis ( Matthew 3:4; Acts 27:33; Heb 5:12). Anything that may be eaten. This word was never used for flesh-meat, unless it was included in a general sense, as we now say food. Meat-offering .

Mebunnai (“strong one” ) One of David’s guard ( 2 Samuel 23:27). Called ( 2 Samuel 21:18; 1 Chronicles 20:4).

Mecherathite, the “The Maachathite ( 2 Samuel 23:34).

Medaba Greek form of Medeba (1 Macc. 9:36).

Medan (“strife” ) Son of Abraham by Keturah ( Genesis 25:2). Traces of this people are supposed to be found in the village of Madan, on the Euphrates, and the city Maadan in Hejaz, Arabia. Maadan, mines.

Medeba (“quiet waters” ) In Moab ( Numbers 21:30). Name of the Mishor south of Heshbon ( Joshua 13:9,16). The Ammonites were defeated here by Joab, David’s general (1 Chronicl