Haahashtari (Hebrew: “the Ahashtarite messenger” ) Father (builder) of Tekoa ( 1 Chronicles 4:6). Habaiah (“Jehovah protects” ), ( Ezra 2:61; Nehemiah 7:63 ). Sons of Chebaijah were among the returned from captivity.

Habakkuk .

Habaziniah (“light of Jah” ) Ancestor of Jaazaniah ( Jeremiah 35:3).

Harbergeon A coat of mail covering the neck and breast. .

Habor ( 1 Chronicles 5:26 ). A river and district in Assyria, where Tiglath Pileser placed some of the Jews of the tribes of Reuben and Gad, during the First Captivity; and where, 17 years after, Shalmaneser, his successor, settled captives from Samaria and Israel ( 2 Kings 17:6; 28:11). The Khabur (name of a river) is found in an Assyrian inscription of the date of 900 B.C. Hachiliah (“Jehovah enlivens” ) Father of Nehemiah ( Nehemiah 1:1; 10:1).

Hachilah, the Hill ( 1 Samuel 23:13,19 ) On the south of Jeshimon (the barren district), near Ziph, in a forest, where David and his 600 men hid from Saul, and David in the night took away Saul’s spear and bottle of water from his couch, and showed them to Abner, the captain of Saul’s guard, next morning from the opposite bank of the ravine ( 1 Samuel 26:5-20). .

Hachmoni (“wise” ) “Son of” and “The Hachmonite” ( 1 Chronicles 27:32; 11:11). Head of a large family. .

Hadad (“mighty”) 1. Son of Ishmael ( Genesis 25:15). 2. A king of Edom ( Genesis 36:35). 3. The last king of Edom at Pai ( 1 Chronicles 1:50). 4. Member of the royal house of Edom ( 1 Kings 11:14). He married the sister-in-law of the Pharaoh of Egypt. After David died, he attempted to recover his lost dominion from Solomon.

Hadadezer (“Hadad is his help” ) ( 2 Samuel 8:3,12 ). .

Hadad Rimmon (both words are names of Syrian idols ). The city was a stronghold before Abraham’s time. Here king Josiah “went against” Pharaoh Necho, was wounded, and died at Jerusalem ( 2 Kings 23:29; 2 Chronicles 35:20-23). Mentioned by the prophet Zechariah ( Zechariah 12:11). Four or five miles south of Lejjun is a ruin on a hill, which (Rumana) is supposed to be the ancient site.

Haddar (“chamber” ) Hadad, in 1 Chronicles 1:30. Eighth son of Ishmael. The Mount Hadad on the borders of the Syrian desert north of El Medineh, is supposed to mark the locality of this branch of Ishmael’s family.

Hadarezer Son of Rehob ( 2 Samuel 8:3). King of Zobah ( 1 Chronicles 18:3ff). David captured from him 1000 “shields of gold” besides other great spoil.

Hadashah (“new” ), ( Joshua 15:37 ). Judah, in the Shefelah. Adasa (1 Macc. 7:40), where Nicanor was killed by Judas Maccabaeus. Lost.

Hadassah (“myrtle” ), ( Esther 2:7 ).

Hadattah (“new” ), ( Joshua 15:25 ). Judah, between Beersheba and Kedesh. Hazor-Hadattah; New Hazor.

Hadid (“sharp” ), ( Ezekiel 2:33; Nehemiah 7:37; 11:34 ). Three miles from Lydda, 10 miles from Joppa (1 Macc. 12:38). Alexander was defeated here by Aretas (Antiquities xiii. 15, 2), and Vespasian made it an outpost during his siege of Jerusalem. .

Hadlai (“resting” ) Father of Amasa 2 ( 2 Chronicles 28:12).

Hadoram Fifth son of Joktan ( Genesis 10:27; 1 Chronicles 1:21). Probably located, with Joktan’s other descendants, in South Arabia, but not yet identified. The Adramitae, and Hadramaut have been suggested, but rejected on philological grounds.

Hadrach ( <380901>Zechariah 9:1 ). A district somewhere in the vicinity of Damascus. Lost.

Hagab (“locust” ) Ancestor of Nethinim who returned with Zerubbabel ( Ezra 2:41.)

Hagaba Ancestor of Nethinim who came with Zerubbabel ( Nehemiah 7:48). ( Ezra 2:45).

Hagar (“stranger” ) An Egyptian slave ( Genesis 12:16; 16:1), presented to Abraham by Pharaoh. Mother of Ishmael. The Hagarites settled in Paran ( Genesis 21:21; Galatians 4:22). They are mentioned in 1 Chronicles 11:38, where Mibhar, a Hagarite, is one of David’s captains. Jaziz, a Hagarite, had charge of David’s flocks, and an Ishmaelite of his camels, because they had experience in the care of such animals ( 1 Chronicles 27:31). The occupied the country south of Palestine, from the sea to the Euphrates, as the Bedouins do now. Hejer is the capital of a district in the province of El Bahreyn, in north Arabia, near the Persian Gulf.

Haggai (“festive” ) The 9th in order of the minor prophets, who returned with Zerubbabel from captivity. .

Haggeri Descendant of Hagar. Mibhar, son of Haggeri, was an officer of David’s guard ( 1 Chronicles 11:38).

Haggi Son of Gad ( Genesis 46:16). Haggites ( Numbers 26:15).

Haggiah (“festival of Jah” ) A Levite (1 Chronicles 30).

Haggith (“festive” ) Mother of Adonijah ( 2 Samuel 3:4).

Hail Was one of the plagues of Egypt. Hail is more common than snow in the hill country of Palestine ( <19E808> Psalm 148:8). God smote the Amorites with “hail-stones” ( Joshua 10:11). . Hair The Egyptians were very uniform in their habits of dressing the hair. Herodotus says that they let their hair and beard grow only in mourning. The priests, who were to be clean to the highest possible degree, had to shave their whole bodies every third day. Other men shaved the head only — or the beard also. The women wore their hair natural, but braided, and dressed with strings of silk with ornaments. The Assyrian men wore the hair combed and curled, falling quite low about the neck; wearing the whiskers curled also. Among the Greeks and Romans, the fashion of wearing the hair passed through many changes. One style is shown on p. 76 in the book. The Hebrews cut the men’s hair quite short, almost to the ears ( Ezekiel 44:20), and to keep the beard a proper length by trimming it, but not to shave either head or beard. The was an exception, who let both hair and beard grow uncut or uncombed.

Hakkatan (“little” ) Father of Johanan, who was a chief, and returned with Ezra from Babylon ( Ezra 8:12).

Hakkoz (“thorn” ) A priest in the service of David ( 1 Chronicles 24:10).

Hakupha (“bent” ) Ancestor of Nethinim; came from Babylon with Zerubbabel ( Ezra 2:51).

Halah ( 2 Kings 17:6 ). In Assyria, where Tiglath Pileser planted some of the captive Jews. Now called Kalah, an ancient ruin on the side of the upper Khabur.

Halak, the Mount (“the smooth, bald mountain” ) ( Joshua 11:17; 12:7). The south limit of Joshua’s conquests near Mount Seir. The name of the east end of Akrabbim.

Halhul ( Joshua 15:58 ). Judah. Four miles north of Hebron, on the top of a hill, is a ruin, and at its foot is a village bearing the ancient name.

Hali ( Joshua 19:25 ). On the border of Asher. May be Alia, 5 miles northeast of Acre.

Halicarnassus (1 Macc. 15:25 ). In Caria, on the Ceramian gulf. The birthplace of Herodotus, and of Dionysius. The Jews residing here were, by a decree of the Romans, allowed the exercise of all their sacred rites. Alexander destroyed the city by fire.

Hall Court of the high priest’s house ( Luke 22:55; in Matthew 27:27, and Mark 15:16). Hall, in John 18:28, “judgment-hall.” A covered space, surrounded by rooms opening into it; or, perhaps, a large audience chamber. The court of a dwelling-house is not covered. Hallelujah (“praise ye Jah” ) Praise ye the Lord. Alleluia in Revelation 19:1-6; Psalm 113—118, were called “hallel” (“praise”), and were used on special occasions.

Hallohesh (“enchanter” ) A chief, who signed the covenant with Nehemiah ( Nehemiah 10:24).

Halohesh Son of Halohesh, ruler of half of Jerusalem ( Nehemiah 3:12). Ham (“warm” ), (Egyptian chem, dark). One of the sons of Noah ( Genesis 6:10), perhaps the third, if Japheth was the older brother ( Genesis 10:21). Settled in Africa ( Psalm 78:51; 105:23; 106:22), and also sent many branches into Asia (Canaanites). There is no ancient name so well preserved and located. Ham is identified with and also because both words are derived from a root meaning “hot, fervent, or sun-burnt”. For the last 3000 years the world has been mainly indebted for its advancement to the Semitic races; but before this period the descendants of Ham — Egypt and Babylon — led the way as the pioneers in art, literature and science. Mankind at the present day lies under infinite obligations to the genius and industry of those early ages, more especially for alphabetic writing, weaving cloth, architecture, astronomy, plastic art, sculpture, navigation and agriculture. The art of painting is also represented, and music indirectly, by drawings of instruments.

Haman (“magnificent” ) Prime minister of King Ahasuerus ( Esther 3:1). After he failed in his conspiracy he was hanged on the same gallows he had made for Mordecai. He is called a Macedonian in Esther 16:10 (Apocrypha).

Hamath (“to defend” ) The principal city of North Syria and capital of a district of the same name ( Genesis 10:18). In the center of the Orontes valley. Toi, king of Hamath, paid tribute to David (2 Samuel 8). Hamath was conquered by Solomon ( 2 Chronicles 8:3). Alexander took it and changed its name to Epiphania, in honor of Antiochus Epiphanes. It has now 30,000 people, is a well-built city, in a narrow and rich valley. Four bridges span the rapid river. The chief trade is in silk, woolen, and cotton. “The entrance to Hamath,” so often used as a landmark in the Old Testament. (Land and Book i. 354), and Tristram (Land of Israel, 621), the entrance into the valley as you look north from Baalbek.

Hamathzobah (“fortress of Zobah” ), ( 2 Chronicles 8:3 ).

Hamathite (“from Hamath” ) A family descended from Canaan ( Genesis 10:18).

Hamhath (“warm baths” ) One of the fenced cities of Naphtali ( Joshua 19:35). Josephus mentions a city called Ammaus (“warm water”), one mile from Tiberias, on the shore of the Sea of Galilee. Ibrahim Pacha built spacious baths over these four warm springs. The water is 144 degrees Fahr., very salt and bitter, with a strong, sulphurous odor. There are ancient ruins for a mile or more around.

Hammedatha (“double” ) Father of Haman ( Esther 3:1,10).

Hammelech ( Jeremiah 36:26; 38:6 ). Hebrew term for “the king.”

Hammer 1. A tool used by the gold-beaters ( Isaiah 41:7). Carpenter ( Jeremiah 23:29). 2. A tool for hollowing ( 1 Kings 6:7);a weapon of war ( Proverbs 25:18). . The Maccabees were so named from Hammer (MACBETH).

Hammoleketh (“the queen” ) Daughter of Machir ( 1 Chronicles 7:17,18).

Hammon (“hot” ) 1. In Asher ( Joshua 19:28). Hamul, near Zidon. 2. Levitical, in Naphtali ( 1 Chronicles 6:76); the same as ( Joshua 21:32). Levitical city in Naph. .

Hamonah (“multitude” ) A city in which the people of Gog will be buried ( Ezekiel 39:16).

Hamongog, the Valley of (“Gog’s multitude” ) Name to be given to a glen on the east of the sea ( Ezekiel 39:11,15).

Hamor (“a he-ass” ) Father of Shethem ( Genesis 33:19).

Hamuel (“God’s wrath” ) Son of Mishma ( 1 Chronicles 4:26).

Hamul (“pillared” ) Son of Pharez, son of Judah by Tamar ( Genesis 46:12).

Hamulites The descendants of Hamul of Judah ( Numbers 26:21).

Hamutal (“dew’s brother” ) Daughter of Jeremiah ( 2 Kings 23:31).

Hanameel (“safety” ) Son of Shallum ( Jeremiah 32:7-9,12,44).

Hanan (“merciful” ) A chief of Benjamin ( 1 Chronicles 8:23). There are eight others of this name, but none famous.

Hananeel, the Tower of In the wall of Jerusalem ( Nehemiah 3:1). Between the sheep-gate and the fish-gate, on the northeast corner of the city.

Hanani 1. Son of Heman ( 1 Chronicles 25:4,25). 2. A seer (B.C. 941), king of Judah ( 2 Chronicles 16:7). 3. A priest ( Ezra 10:20). 4. Brother of Nehemiah ( Nehemiah 1:2). Governor of Jerusalem B.C. 445 ( Nehemiah 7:2). 5. A priest ( Nehemiah 12:36).

Hananiah (“Jah is kind” ) 1. Son of Heman ( 1 Chronicles 25:4; 5:23). 2. Captain in King Uzziah’s army ( 2 Chronicles 26:11). 3. Father of Zedekiah ( Jeremiah 36:12). 4. Son of Azur, a false prophet (Jeremiah 27—28). He opposed Jeremiah in predicting a return from Babylon in 2 years, when the time had been fixed at 70. 5. Grandfather of Irijah ( Jeremiah 37:13). 6. Head of a Benjamite house ( 1 Chronicles 8:24). 7. Shadrach, of the house of David ( Daniel 1:3,6,7,11). 8. Son of Zerubbabel ( 1 Chronicles 3:19). 9. Son of Bebai ( Ezra 10:28). 10. A priest ( Nehemiah 3:8) 11. Head of Jeremiah’s priestly course ( Nehemiah 12:12). 12. Steward of the palace at Jerusalem 7:2,3). 13. A chief who signed the covenant with Nehemiah ( Nehemiah 10:23). Hand (yad, “power, agency” ) Laying on of hands, sign of authority, or of a blessing conferred ( Numbers 27:18). Sitting at the right hand of power, man of my right hand.

Handicraft Special workmen were among the great benefactors of ancient times, and were honored as the chief favorites. God is honored for his “handiwork” ( Psalm 8:3; 19:1; Genesis 2:2; Job 34:19). Several men are honored in the Old Testament for their work, as Tubal-Cain, Jabal, Jubal, and Bezaleel. The Hebrews were, more agricultural than scientific or artistic, and invented little, yet their skill is recorded in the cases of the tabernacle and the temple. Among the metal workers were goldsmiths, silversmiths, coppersmiths, and ironworkers, whose work is often mentioned. The tools noticed are forceps (“tongs”, in Isaiah 6:6), hammer, anvil, bellows. The carpenters (wood-carvers) were skillful ( Isaiah 41:7). Their implements were the rule (chalk-pencil), measuringinel, compasses, plane or smoothing instrument, saw, hatchet, knife, awl, nail, hone, drill, mallet, chisel, etc. There were boat-builders also. Spinners, weavers, fullers, dyers, tent-makers, embroiderers. Tanning and dressing leather. Masons, bakers, butchers, cheese-makers, shoemakers, barbers are mentioned in the Bible, and drawn on the monuments engaged in their proper avocations. Handkerchief (“napkins, apron” ), ( Luke 19:20 ). Larger and longer than ours, and of stronger cloth, fit for various uses, as a girdle or turban.

Hanes In Egypt ( Isaiah 30:4). on the west branch of the Nile. Perhaps Tahpanhes.

Hangings (Hebrew: masach, “curtain”, Exodus 26:10 ). kelaim, “tapestry” ( Exodus 27:9).

Haniel Son of Ulla ( 1 Chronicles 7:39). Hannah (“grace” ) Wife of Elkanah, and mother of Samuel ( 1 Samuel 1:2).

Hannathon (“graceful” ) Zebulon ( Joshua 19:14). Lost.

Hanniel (“grace of God” ) Son of Ephod. A prince ( Numbers 34:23).

Hanoch (“initiated” ) and . 1. Children of Midian ( Genesis 25:4). 2. Son of Reuben ( Genesis 46:9).

Hanochites, the Descendants of Hanoch ( Numbers 26:5).

Hanun (“favored” ) 1. Son of Nahash ( 2 Samuel 10:1,2). 2. A man who repaired the wall of Jerusalem ( Nehemiah 3:13). 3. Son of Zalaph, who also assisted in the repairs ( Nehemiah 3:30).

Haphraim (“two pits” ), ( Joshua 19:19 ). Issa. Six miles east of Lejjun, two west of Shunem; now called El Fuleh.

Hara (“mountain land” ), ( 1 Chronicles 5:26 ). Province in Assyria, where some of the Jews of the tribe of Reuben and Gad were carried captive.

Haradah Station in the wandering ( Numbers 33:24). Lost.

Haran ( Genesis 9:31 ). Terah and his family (including Abraham) came to Haran and dwelt there; where Terah died. Called Padan Aram (“plain of Aram). Aram Naharaim (A. of the two rivers). In 2 Kings 19:12, it is connected with Gozan, Mesopotamia, taken by the Assyrians. Ezekiel groups it with Canneh, Eden, and other cities in Assyria ( Ezekiel 27:23). Harran (of the Arabs) stands on the banks of the small river Belilk, a branch of the Euphrates. From it a number of roads radiate to the great fords of the Tigris and Euphrates. Being in the route of the trade between Central and Western Asia it attracted Terah, and explains the allusion of the prophet Ezekiel. There is a Harran el Awamid 10 miles east of Damascus, on the shore of the lake Ateibeh, between “the two rivers” Abana and Pharpar. In 1861 Dr. Beke made a journey to Palestine especially to follow the route of Laban and Jacob from Haran, and walked over the ground in about 5 days, which agrees with the Bible narrative. The flocks, herds, and little children could not have been driven across the desert, 300 miles, 25 days without water. The route in the Hauran is well watered, and has good pasture all the way.

Hararite (“mountain” ) One of David’s men. 1. Father of Shammah ( 2 Samuel 23:11). 2. Shammah, the Hararite ( 2 Samuel 23:33.) 3. Sharar ( 2 Samuel 23:33); father of Ahiam.

Harbona (“ass-driver” ) A eunuch in the service of King Ahasuerus ( Esther 1:10). Harbonah in Esther 7:9.

Hare (arnebeth ). Unclean under the law, “because he cheweth the cud but divideth not the hoof.” It is of the squirrel kind, and does not chew the cud, but moves the jaw as though it did. There are two kinds in Palestine, the Syrian and Egyptian, and are very plentiful in some parts, and afford good returns to the hunter. There are no rabbits.

Harel (“the mountain of” ), ( Ezekiel 43:15 ).

Hareph (“early-born” ) Son of Caleb, and father of Beth-gader ( 1 Chronicles 2:51).

Hareth, the Forest of ( 1 Samuel 22:5 ). Forest in Judah, to which David fled after leaving the cave of Adullam. .

Harhaiah (“dry” ) Father of Uzziel 6 ( Nehemiah 3:8).

Harhas (“poverty” ) Ancestor of Shallum ( 2 Kings 22:14).

Harhur (“inflammation” ) The sons of Harhur returned with Zerubbabel ( Ezra 2:51).

Hariel ( Ezra 2:33). Harim (“flat-nosed” ) 1. A priest in the house of God ( 1 Chronicles 24:8). 2. 1,017 “children of Harim,” returned from captivity ( Ezra 2:39). 3. 4. Families of the children of Harim, 320 in number who came from the Captivity ( Ezra 2:32). .

Hariph (“autumnal rain” ) 112 “children of Hariph,” who returned with Zerubbabel ( Nehemiah 7:24). People who sealed the covenant ( Nehemiah 10:19). Harlot (zonah, nochriyah, kedhisha, “set apart for a sacred use” ) They had a certain way of wearing their dress, and sometimes sat in a public place ( Proverbs 7:10; Genesis 38:14), and might have been foreign women, not Hebrews. They sang in the streets ( Isaiah 23:16; Ecclesiastes 9:4). Some bad houses ( 1 Kings 3:16). Jephthah’s mother was a harlot, or “strange woman” ( Judges 11:2). Gods were anciently, and are now actually worshiped in brothels (see Herodotus). This licentious worship was found at Baal-Peor, and among the Samaritans who came from Assyria ( 2 Kings 17:30). The law of Moses was very strong against the practice, not even allowing the money earned by such a trade to come into the treasury ( Leviticus 19:29), and made very severe laws in some cases ( Leviticus 21:9), which were sometimes carried out ( Genesis 38:24), and neglected at others ( Micah 1:7), as in the case of Samaria.

Harnepher (“panting” ) Son of Zophah ( 1 Chronicles 7:36).

Harness (“armor” ), ( 1 Kings 20:11 ). .

Harnessed ( Joshua 1:14; 4:12). Armed men. Harod, the Well of Correctly, “the fountain” ( Judges 6:33). The fountain by which Gideon pitched, having the Hill of Moreh on the north, in the valley of Jezreel ( Judges 7:1). Now called Ain Jalud, at the foot of Mount Gilboa. It is a very large spring, and is visited constantly by a great number of flocks and herds ( Judges 6:5).

Harodite (“from Harod” ) Descendants of David’s strong men ( 2 Samuel 23:25).

Haroeh (“the seer” ) Son of Shobel ( 1 Chronicles 2:52).

Harorite, the One of David’s guard ( 1 Chronicles 11:27).

Harosheth of the Gentiles ( Judges 4:2 ). In the north of Palestine, the home of Sisera. Tell Harothieh is an immense double hill, covered with the ruins of old walls and buildings, commanding a narrow pass where the Kishon flows close to the foot of Carmel. Barak and Deborah chased Sisera and his scattered host as far as this pass, after their terrible defeat and slaughter along the plain of Esdraelon. (Thomson, Land and Book). Harp (Hebrew: kinnor; Greek: kithara ). A stringed instrument of music. Josephus says it had 10 strings, and was played with a plectrum; others say it had 24 or 47 ( 1 Samuel 16:23; 18:10).

Harrow ( 1 Chronicles 20:3 ). .

Harsha (“worker” ) Ancestor of Nethinim, who returned with Zerubbabel ( Ezra 2:52).

Hart A clean animal ( Deuteronomy 12:15). Permitted by the law for food. .

Harum (“exalted” ) Father of Aharhel ( 1 Chronicles 4:8).

Harumaph (“snub-nosed” ) Father of Jedaiah 2 ( Nehemiah 3:10).

Haruphite (“strong” ) A Korhite, who joined David at Ziklag ( 1 Chronicles 12:5).

Haruz (“active” ) Father of Meshullemeth ( 2 Kings 21:19). Harvest .

Hashadiah (“whom Jah loves” ) A descendant of Judah ( 1 Chronicles 3:20).

Hasenuah (“bristling” ) A Benjaminite ( 1 Chronicles 9:7).

Hashabiah (“Jah regards” ) Son of Amaziah ( 1 Chronicles 5:45). There are 13 of this name, but none of them were noted.

Hashabnah Chief of the people who signed the covenant with Nehemiah ( Nehemiah 10:25).

Hashabniah 1. Father of Hattush 2 ( Nehemiah 3:10). 2. A Levite (9:5).

Hashbadana (“thoughtful judge” ) One who stood with Ezra when he read the law to the people of Jerusalem ( Nehemiah 8:4).

Hashem (“fat” ) The sons of Hashim were among David’s strong men ( 1 Chronicles 11:34). Joshen.

Hashmannim (“opulent nobles” ) ( Psalm 68:31).

Hashmonah (“fatness” ) ( Numbers 33:29). Near Mount Hor. (?)

Hashub 1. Son of Pahath-moab ( Nehemiah 3:11). 2. Another, who assisted in the repairs of the Jerusalem wall ( Nehemiah 3:23). 3. One of the heads of the people who signed the covenant ( Nehemiah 10:23). 4. A Levite ( Nehemiah 11:15).

Hashubah (“esteemed” ) Part of the family of Zerubbabel ( 1 Chronicles 3:20). .

Hashum (“rich” ) 1. 1,023 “children of Hashum,” returned with Zerubbabel ( Ezra 2:19; 10:33). 2. One who stood on Ezra’s left, when he read the law to the people ( Ezra 8:4).

Hashupha Ancestor of Nethinim ( Nehemiah 7:46).

Hasrah Harhas ( 2 Chronicles 34:22).

Hassenaah (“thorny” ) “Sons of Hassenaah” rebuilt the fish-gate in the wall of Jerusalem ( Nehemiah 3:3).

Hasupha (“stripped” ) Ancestor of Nethinim ( Ezra 2:43).

Hatach (“verity” ) Eunuch in Ahasuerus’ court ( Esther 4:5,6,9,10).

Hathath (“terror” ) Son of Othniel ( 1 Chronicles 4:13).

Hatipha (“captive” ) Ancestor of Nethinim ( Ezra 2:54).

Hatita (“exploring” ) Ancestor of the gate-keepers who returned with Zerubbabel ( Ezra 2:42).

Hattel (“wavering” ) Ancestor of the “children of Solomon’s servants,” who returned with Zerubbabel ( Ezra 2:57).

Hatsihammenuchoth (“midst of resting-places” ) Hattush (“assembled” ) 1. Son of Sheehaniah ( 1 Chronicles 3:22; Ezra 8:2). 2. A priest ( Nehemiah 10:4; 12:2). 3. Son of Hashabnia ( Nehemiah 3:10).

Hauran Part of the district of Bashan. Ezekiel ( Ezekiel 47:16,18) probably meant a region including the Lejah, Batanaea in the mountains (where the oaks of Bashan still grow around the ruins of ancient cities), and what is now Hauran. The Hauran is a vast fertile plain, the “granary of Damascus.” Not a rock or stone encumbers its soil. More than a hundred ruined cities are found — though only deserted, not ruined; for the houses are quite perfect and habitable still, being built of stone, even to the doors and window-shutters, hinges and all, and roofs — of fine solid stone. Some of the dates are before our era, and it is quite probable that these cities are the very same that Moses described ( Deuteronomy 3:5). — Porter’s Five Years in Damask.

Havilah (“sand” ) 1. Son of Cush ( Genesis 10:7); and, 2. A son of Joktan ( Genesis 10:29). 1. On the Red Sea, in Arabia, between Mecca and Sanaa. It is a fertile region, abounding in fruit, gum and myrrh; mountainous, well watered, and has a numerous population. The people were called by Eratosthenes (in Strabo), Chaulanitae. 2. A district southeast of Sanaa. A third district of the same name is sought for in answer to Genesis 2:11, which was compassed by one of the rivers of Eden. In Genesis 25:18, it is stated that the tribes of Ishmael dwelt from “Havilah unto Shur;” and this seems to call for a locality on the Persian Gulf or the Euphrates.

Havoth Jair ( Numbers 32:41 ). Jair took a number of small towns in Gilead, in the mountain district south of the Hieromax, and named them “Jair’s villages.” A descendant of his, of the same name, was a judge of Israel, and lived here in 30 cities ( Judges 10:3,4.) Bashan-havoth-jair were among the 60 cities of Argob ( Deuteronomy 3:14, etc.).

Hawk (nez; Arabic, nez ). In Job 39:26 “does the nez fly by thy wisdom?” It was migratory, as are 10 or 12 kinds now. The sak’r is used to catch partridges, grouse, quail, herons, hares and gazelles.

Hay (chatzir, Greek: herba; Proverbs 27:25; Isaiah 15:6 ). The modern Orientals do not make hay for such uses as we do, but the ancients mowed grass, and used the dried hay ( Psalm 72:6) for burning, or perhaps for feeding ( Psalm 27:2). Hazael (“El is seeing” ) A king of Damascus, B.C. 886-840 (see ). The Assyrian inscriptions furnish some accounts of wars in Syria in his day, which are also mentioned in Scripture. Hazael fulfilled a prophesy of Elisha in ravaging Gilead, etc. ( 2 Kings 10:32,33). Hazael, the House of (Amos 1:4 ). Damascus, or Hazael’s palace, or perhaps his family.

Hazaiah (“Jah beholds” ) Son of Judah ( Nehemiah 11:5).

Hazar Addar (“walled space for a camp, named Addar” ), ( Numbers 34:4). A south boundary of the promised land, near Kadesh- Barnea. There are walled-in places all over this district, but without names known to history.

Hazarmaveth Third son of Joktan ( Genesis 10:26). Located in the south of Arabia, on the Indian Ocean. Now called Hadramaut. Capital city Shibam. Chief ports Mirbat, Zafari ( ), Kisheem. The native name of a person is Hadramee — very similar to their name in ancient history, Adramitae. The country is well cultivated, and exports frankincense, myrrh, aloes (from Socotra), gum arabic, and dragon’s blood. North of Hadramaut, the Great Red Desert of Arabia, called (“red sand”), extends to Nejed and the Persian Gulf, occupying a third of the whole peninsula.

Hazel ( Genesis 30:37 ). (Hebrew: luz ) The hazel or the wild almond tree, the cultivated being named shaked. The Hebrew: for “hazel” is egoz.

Hazelelponi (“shade upon me” ) Sister of the sons of Etam ( 1 Chronicles 4:3). The Zelelponite.

Hazer (“enclosed, as a court-yard or camp” ) These walls are found in many parts of Palestine and Arabia. Sometimes they are roofed in with a tent and become a dwelling for a short time ( Isaiah 38:12) by shepherds. The name is used with others for several places: 1. (which see). 2. Hazer Enan (“village of springs”). The north boundary of the promised land ( Numbers 34:9), the northeast corner ( Numbers 34:10). Kuryetein (“village of fountains”), 40 miles east of Riblab, and 60 north of Damascus. It is a large place, and has the only fountains in the region. There are ruined columns, probably of the city called by the Greeks Coradaea. 3. Hazer Gaddab ( Joshua 15:27). In the south of Judah, between Moladah and Beersheba, now Jerrah. 4. Hazer Shual ( 1 Chronicles 4:28). A city near the last named, now called Saweh. Both of these places are in ruins, on low hills. 5. Hazer Hatticon ( Ezekiel 47:16). On the boundary in Hauran. Lost. 6. Hazer Susah (“horse village”). ( Joshua 19:5). Allotted to Simeon, near Ziklag. 7. Hazer Susim (village of horses). Probably the same as the last. 8. Hazeroth. Station in the wilderness on the route from Sinai to Eziongeber. .

Hazere 1. 4 miles west of Bint Jebeil, has extensive ruins, and the right location (Land and Book, i. 439). 2. ( Joshua 19:37). 10 miles southwest of Safed, Hazur, near El Mughar.

Hazeroth ( Numbers 11:35 ). A place 25 miles north of Sinai.

Hazezon Tamar (“palm forest” ) .

Haziel (“vision of God” ) A Levite ( 1 Chronicles 23:9).

Hazirim Hazer ( Deuteronomy 2:3). Villages.

Hazo ( Genesis 22:22 ). Azon of Nahor, settled on the Euphrates, in Chazene (Strabo). Hazor ( <061101>Joshua 11:1-12 ). An ancient, royal city, fortified, near Lake Merom. “The head of all those kingdoms,” i.e., the chief city in North Canaan. Taken by Joshua, and given to Naphtali. In later times, a king Jabin, of Hazor, held the Israelites in subjection 20 years. Jabin’s army, including 600 chariots of iron, led by Sisera (perhaps intending to conquer all Palestine), were routed by Barak and Deborah (Judges 4). Fortified by Solomon ( 1 Kings 9:15.) Referred to by Josephus, and in 2 Macc. 11:67. 2. ( Joshua 15:23). Judah, south. Lost. 3. ( Nehemiah 11:33). Benjamin, after the Captivity. Tell Azur. 5 miles northeast of Bethel. 4. ( Jeremiah 49:28). Some noted camping-ground of the Arabs. Lost. There are two or three Hazors named in Joshua 15:23-25; one of them a new village (Hadattah); and one changed to Hezron. There were also and Head (Hebrew: rosh, Greek: kephale ). Used for the top of anything, as the summit of a mountain, top of a tree.

Head-dress The head-dress is a very important matter in the hot climate of the East, besides its use “for glory and for beauty” ( Exodus 28:40); There are several names of different articles used by different persons, or at various times. 1. “Zaniph”, (to roll or wind) worn by nobles ( Job 29:14), and ladies ( Isaiah 3:23), and kings ( Isaiah 62:3; mitre in Zechariah 3:5), was a turban, intended for display. 2. “Peer”, modern name “tarbush” (or “kaook”) the red cap. The Bedouin head-dress (“keffieh”) is formed by folding a square cloth across from the corners, and tying it on the head, so as to have one (double) corner behind and one on each side of the neck. The Assyrian was probably made of bright and mingled colors ( Ezekiel 23:15). Heart (Hebrew: leb, Greek: kardia ). The supposed seat of the intellect, soul, etc. ( Judges 16:17).

Hearth (Hebrew: ah, ach, moked, kiyor ). A floor of stones on which a fire is made. Used for the whole house. Jehoiakim’s was probably brazier of charcoal ( Jeremiah 36:23).

Heath (aroer, arar ). A shrub used in thatch, for brooms, beds, etc., probably Juniper or savin ( Jeremiah 17:6; 48:6). Heathen (Hebrew: gowy, gowyim ). All nations have a term for distinguishing other people from their own. The Hebrews were very particular in this matter, because they were forbidden to marry out of their own nation, or even to mingle in society with them. The pagan were worshipers of false gods. After the Greeks came into power their name meant the same as pagan (Greek hethen ), and is the same or similar to “uncircumcised.” Goyim also meant wicked as opposed to the righteous Jews. Heaven 1. rakia , “firmament, expanse. 2. shamayim , “the high”, the heavens (and earth). Always plural in the Hebrew of the Old Testament. 3. marom (“mountain”), “height, high region”; shahakim , “expanse, skies”. 4. arabah (“the desert”), the heaven; ariphim (“distilling”), “clouds”; Greek, ouranos (“air”), “heaven”; hupsos (“height”), “on high”; “another (from above”) heaven. The “third heaven” of Paul, in 2 Corinthians 12:2, is explained from the Jewish way of naming three parts in heaven, as: 1. The place of clouds in the air; 2. The place of the sun, moon and stars; 3. The place of God and his angels. Heavens and earth meant the entire universe. Once heaven, earth, and under the earth ( Philippians 2:10). Heber (“society” ) 1. Grandson of Asher ( Genesis 46:17). 2. Father of Socho, of Judah ( 1 Chronicles 4:18). 3. Gadite ( 1 Chronicles 5:13). 4. Son of Elpaal, a Benjamite ( 1 Chronicles 8:17). 5. Son of Shashak (1 Chronicles 22). 6. Husband of Jael, a Kenite ( Judges 4:11-17). 7. The patriarch Eber ( Luke 3:35). Heberites ( Numbers 26:45).

Hebrew This name was first used of Abraham in Genesis 14:13. Four sources have been offered: 1. From Abram; 2. From ; 3. From (country beyond); and 4. From , the patriarch (this would have been ).

Hebrew of the Hebrews; a pure-minded Jew.

Hebrews, Epistle to the . Hebron (“the friend” ) 1. Third son of Kohath, who was second son of Levi ( Exodus 6:18). The clan is mentioned in the time of David ( 1 Chronicles 15:9; 23:19), as of the sons of Levi, who only ought to carry the ark of God; and also mighty men of valor of Jazer, in Gilead ( 1 Chronicles 26:31), who were officers in David’s government; and another branch held the same rank on the west side of the Jordan River. There was a Hebron among the sons of Caleb. The is one of the most ancient, built years before Zoan ( Numbers 13:22), and even older than Damascus ( Genesis 12:18). See the picture of Hebron on page 4 of the book. Its original name was Arba, or Kirjath Arba (city of Arba), from Arba, the father of Anak ( Genesis 33:2; Joshua 14:15; 15:13). It was also called ( Genesis 23:19; 35:27). The ancient city was in a valley, and its pools help fix its site and identity ( 2 Samuel 4:12). Many years of the lifetime of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob were spent here, where they were all buried; and from Hebron Jacob and his family set out for Egypt, by way of Beersheba. The city was given to Caleb by Joshua, who drove out the Anakim. One of the . It was David’s royal residence for 7 years and a half; where most of his sons were born; and here he was crowned king over all Israel (2 Samuel 2), when David changed the royal residence to Jerusalem. Fortified by Rehoboam. It was occupied after the Captivity; but fell into the hands of the Edomites, from whom it was recovered by Judas Maccabaeus (1 Macc. 5:65). It was called Hebron or Castle of Abraham during the Crusades. The modern town is called Khulil (the friend “of God”), by the Arabs, and lies on the eastern and southern side of a beautiful valley. The houses are all of stone, well built, having flat roofs with many domes. The streets are only a few feet wide, and the bazaars are covered either by awnings or arches. Glass is the only manufacture; lamps, and the bracelets and rings worn by women. The court in which the mosque over the tombs of the patriarchs is built is surrounded by an extensive and lofty wall, formed of large stones, strengthened by square buttresses, the greatest antiquity in Hebron, and probably the same as that seen and described by Josephus (Antiquities i. 14; B.J. iv. 9, 7). The only other antiquities are the two cisterns for rainwater (pools). The one close to the south gate of the city is 133 feet square, 22 feet deep, and built of hewn limestone, with steps at each corner, down to the water. The other pool at the north end of the town is 85 by 55 feet, and 19 feet deep. The surrounding country is productive, and the many ruins show a once dense population and high state of cultivation. Population: 5,000. 2. In Asher ( Joshua 19:28). ?

Hebronites, the Descendants of Hebron, son of Kehath ( Numbers 3:27).

Hedge (gader, geder “a stone wall”, or other fence; mesukah, “hedge of thorns or cactus” ). Besides stones, walls are made of sun-dried mud, (especially in Egypt); and the nukb thorn tree makes an impassable hedge, as well as the cactus.

Hegai or Hegal Eunuch (prime-minister) of the court of Ahasuerus ( Esther 2:8-15).

Hege ( Esther 2:3). Aja or Aga in Sanskrit. Name of a modern Turkish officer. Heifer (aglah, “the young of kine” ) They worked with other cattle, in treading out grain ( Hosea 10:11), and in plowing ( Judges 14:18). Egypt was “a fair heifer” ( Jeremiah 45:20), in allusion to the bull Apis worshiped there. Several names are made from it, as Eglah, En-eglaim, and Parah (“young mother cow”).

Heifers are used at the plow now as anciently. (Numbers 19), is a very peculiar item in the ancient religion, concerning cleansing rather than atonement. It was intended to cleanse from the ceremonial defilement which followed from touching a dead body, or a bone of a dead man, or entering a house where there was a person dead. Purification in the usual way required 7 days of time. A son of the high priest sprinkled the blood of a red heifer before the tabernacle (temple, not on the altar), and the carcass was to be burned entire, outside of the camp, in a clean place (with a bit of cedar wood, and of scarlet cloth), reserving nothing; the ashes were to be kept for use. Mixed with fresh water they were sprinkled on the unclean, on the third, and on the seventh day, with a bunch of hyssop. After changing his clothes and bathing he was clean. His house or tent was also to be sprinkled, with all its furniture, etc.

Helah (“rust” ) Wife of Ashur ( 1 Chronicles 4:5).

Helam On the west bank of the Euphrates, where David met and defeated the army of Hadarezer ( 2 Samuel 10:16). Alamatha of Ptolemy.

Helbah ( Judges 1:31 ). Asher not far from Sidon.

Helbon ( Ezekiel 27:18 ) “In the wine of Helbon.” A village 10 miles north of Damascus, in a wild and beautiful glen, which is clothed in vineyards. There are many ruins of temples, some with Greek inscriptions, and many other marks of ancient wealth.

Heldai (“long-lived” ) 1. Captain for the temple-service ( 1 Chronicles 27:15). 2. An Israelite ( Zechariah 6:10).

Heleb (“fat” ) Son of Baanah ( 2 Samuel 23:29). Heled.

Heled (“strength” ), ( 1 Chronicles 11:30 ). 1.

Helek (“possession” ) Son of Gilead ( Numbers 26:30).

Helekites, the Family from Helek ( Numbers 26:30).

Helem (“stroke” ) 1. A descendant of Asher ( 1 Chronicles 7:35). Hotham? 2. (“strength”), ( Nehemiah 6:14). .

Heleph ( Joshua 19:33. ) Where the north boundary of Naphtali began. Beit Lif, east of Ras Abyad and west of Kades.

Helez (“loin” ) 1. One of David’s guard (2 Samuel 32:26; 27:10). 2. Son of Azariah ( 2 Samuel 2:39).

Heli 1. Father of Joseph, the husband of the Virgin Mary ( Luke 3:23). 2. (2 Esdras 1:2; Ezra 7:2,3).

Heliodrus (“given by the sun” ) The treasurer of Seleucus Philopator (2 Macc. 3:ff). He was appointed to carry away the private treasures in the Temple at Jerusalem, but fell down speechless and was restored by the high priest Onias. Helkai (“Jah, his portion” ) A priest (“ Nehemiah 12:15).

Helkath ( Joshua 19:25 ). Boundary of Asher. Lost. Ikkrith? Hukkok in 1 Chronicles 6:75.

Helkath Hazzurim ( 2 Samuel 2:16 ). Near the pool of Gibeon, where 12 of Joab’s men and 12 of Abner’s killed each other and brought on a general battle. Hell This is the word generally and unfortunately used by our translators to render the Hebrew Sheol . It would perhaps have been better to retain the Hebrew word Sheol , or else render it always by “the grave” or “the pit.” It is deep ( Job 11:8) and dark ( Job 11:21,22), in the center of the earth ( Numbers 16:30; Deuteronomy 32:22), having within it depths on depths ( Proverbs 9:18), and fastened with gates ( Isaiah 38:13) and bars ( Job 17:16). In this cavernous realm are the souls of dead men, the Rephaim and ill spirits ( Psalm 86:13; 89:48; Proverbs 23:14; Ezekiel 31:17; 32:21). it is clear that in many passages of the Old Testament Sheol can only mean “the grave,” and is so rendered in the KJV (see, for example, Genesis 37:35; 42:38; 1 Samuel 2:6; Job 14:13). In other passages, however, it seems to involve a notion of punishment, and is therefore rendered in the King James Version by the word “Hell.” But in many cases this translation misleads the reader. It is obvious, for instance, that Job 11:8; <19D908> Psalm 139:8; Amos 9:2 (where “hell” is used as the antithesis of “heaven “), merely illustrate the Jewish notions of the locality of Sheol in the bowels of the earth. In the New Testament the word Hades , like Sheol , sometimes means merely “the grave” ( Revelation 20:13; Acts 2:31; 1 Corinthians 15:55), or in general “the unseen world.” It is in this sense that the creeds say of our Lord, “He went down into hell,” meaning the state of the dead in general, without any restriction of happiness or misery — a doctrine certainly, though only virtually, expressed in Scripture ( Ephesians 4:9; Acts 2:25-31). Elsewhere in the New Testament Hades is used of a place of torment ( Luke 16:23; 2 Peter 2:4; Matthew 11:23, etc.). Consequently, it has been the prevalent, almost the universal, notion that Hades is an intermediate state between death and resurrection, divided into two parts, one the abode of the blessed, and the other of the lost. In holding this view main reliance is placed on the parable of Dives and Lazarus; but it is impossible to ground the proof of an important theological doctrine on a passage which confessedly abounds in Jewish metaphors. The word most frequently used in the New Testament for the place of future punishment is Gehenna or Gehenna of fire Hellenist Helmet .

Helps (Greek: antilepseis ). Care of the poor and sick, by the deacons and deaconesses, by a gift of the spirit. “From time to time God raises up heroes of Christian charity, angels of mercy, for the benefit of humanity.”

Helon (“strong” ) Father of Eliab, prince of Zebulon ( Numbers 1:9; 2:7). Hem of the Garment The Jews attached a symbolical importance to the hem or fringe, because of the regulation in Numbers 15:38. .

Hemam Son of Lotan ( Genesis 36:22).

Heman (“faithful” ) 1. Son of Zerah ( 1 Chronicles 2:6). 2. Son of Joel, a Levite and musician ( 1 Chronicles 6:33), to whom the vocal and instrumental music of the temple service, in the reign of David, was committed ( 1 Chronicles 15:16-22). He was also connected with the family of Zerah, the Ezrahire, and his name is in the title to Psalm 88:

Hemath ( 1 ) ( Amos 6:14).

Hemath ( 2 ) A person or place named as the origin of the Kenites ( 1 Chronicles 2:55), and the house of Rechab.

Hemdan ( Genesis 36:26 ). East of Akaba there is an Arab tribe of the name of Hamran.

Hemlock (laanah and rosh, “gall” ).

Hen ( 1 ) (“grace” ) Son of Zephaniah ( Nehemiah 6:14). 2.

Hen ( 2 ) (Greek: ornis, “fowl” ), ( Matthew 23:37; Luke 13:34 ), also (2 Esdras 1:30 ). Nowhere noticed besides in these passages, but were always kept as now, in every village or farm house.

Hena ( 2 Kings 19:13 ). Some ancient ruins, called Ana, are found on the Euphrates, near Mosaib. (Sippara).

Henadad (“favor of Hadad” ) A chief Levite who helped rebuild the temple ( Ezra 3:9; Nehemiah 3:18,24).

Henoch 1. Enoch 2 ( 1 Chronicles 1:3). 2. Hanoch 1 ( 1 Chronicles 1:33).

Hepher ( 1 ) ( Joshua 7:17 ). West of the Jordan River, as was also the land of Hepher. Lost.

Hepher ( 2 ) (“a well” ) 1. Son of Gilead ( Numbers 26:32). 2. Son of Ashur ( 1 Chronicles 4:6.) 3. One of David’s men ( 1 Chronicles 12:36).

Hepherites The family of Hepher ( Numbers 26:32).

Hephzibah (“my delight in her” ): 1. Name given to the new Jerusalem ( Isaiah 63:4). 2. Queen to Hezekiah and mother of Manasseh ( 2 Kings 21:1).

Hera .

Herald (Aramaic: karona ). An officer ( Daniel 3:4). Herbs Bitter herbs. .

Hercules (“Hera’s glory” ) The national god of Tyre, called (“king of the city”). The worship extended to all colonies of Tyre, especially to Carthage. This was the Baal also. The Greeks make him the most famous hero of their fabulous history, remarkable for his great strength (SAMSON), and especially for 12 “labors” which were connected with the health and safety of men. Hera was the Greek name of Juno, who was the guardian deity of married women. In Assyria she was Astarte, “Queen of Heaven;” and as such is sculptured at Hierapolis, in Asia Minor. Herd Herdman. The herd was one of the chief sources of wealth, and the ox the most precious, next to the horse and mule. The herd yielded the most esteemed sacrifice. Its supply for sustenance was most important, in flesh, milk, butter and cheese. The cattle were broken to service in the third year, after which they were rarely killed. The ox eats grass and browses on foliage also. The harvest is gathered and threshed by the help of cattle. Pharaoh made some of Joseph’s brothers overseers of herds, and David’s herdsmen were among the chief officers of his court.

Heres (“the sun” ), ( Isaiah 19:18 ) — Irhaheres, for Mount Heres. See Judges 1:35. .

Heresh A Levite ( 1 Chronicles 9:15).

Hermas . A disciple of Rome ( Romans 16:14). Tradition says he was the author of “The Shepherd of Hennas.”

Hermes One of the seventy disciples, afterward Bishop of Dalmatia ( Romans 16:14).

Hermogenes ( 2 Timothy 1:15 ). A disciple who deserted Paul without cause.

Hermon (“nose of mountain” ) The highest peak of Anti-Lebanon, on or beyond the north border of the land ( Joshua 11:17; Deuteronomy 34:1; 1 Samuel 3:20). The Amorites called it Shenir (“to shine,” as a coat of mail); the Sidonians, Sirion (“to glitter”); also called Sion (“elevated”); and now by the Arabs Jebel esh Sheikh (“chief mountain”), and Jebel eth Thelj (“snowy mountain”). Its head is crowned with perpetual snow; and when the whole lowland country is burned by the summer sun, long lines of snow streak down the sides of Hermon, like the white locks of an old man about his shoulders. There are three summits, about a quarter of a mile from each other in a triangular position, and 10,000 feet high. They are visible (at a distance as one peak) from every part of Palestine north of Shiloh, from the Jordan River valley near the Dead Sea, and from the Moab mountains as far south as Nebo. Its rivers are Jordan River, Abana, Pharpar, Orontes, and Leontes. It was the religious center of pagan Syria, and the temples of Baal gave it a name. The ruins of these temples are now found on many of its lower shoulders, as at Rakleh, Sed Dan, Bustra, Mutaleih, Kefr Kuk, Burkush, Aiba, Hibariyeh, Tilthatha, Ain Hersha, Asheir, Bekkeh, Munseh, and Paneas. At Rakleh there is a god’s face, 40 inches in diameter, surrounded by a wreath, all well cut in bold relief, and set in the wall of the temple, which is a ruin, and one of a circle of temples all around, facing the summit of Hermon. The temple at Asheir is on an elevated platform (which is ornamented with a frieze and cornice), 126 by 69 feet, and itself 89 by feet, and 54 feet high. In the Ionic style, with cup and ball ornaments. On the very highest peak are the foundations of a circular wall of large stones enclosing hewn stones (some beveled), in heaps, disclosing the plan of a small temple ( Deuteronomy 12:2; 2 Kings 17:10). The central peak is a bald cone of gray limestone, 2,000 feet higher than the surrounding ridges. These lower ridges are thinly clothed with evergreen oaks. The whole of Palestine can be seen from the summit.

Hermonites, the “The Hermons” ( Psalm 42:6).

Hermons ( Psalm 42:6 ). The three summits of Hermon. Josephus says the Herods were Edomites (xiv. 15 section 2), but Nicolaus of Damascus, a historian of the times, says they returned from exile with other Jews (a story invented to please Herod). Antipater (1.) gained power, first in Idumea, and then by fomenting the divisions between Hyrcanus, the high priest and his brother Aristobulus. He also came into power in Judaea, although Hyrcanus was nominal ruler. Herod (4.) the Great was only years (20?) when he began to rule, and soon won a popular enthusiasm by good measures of public safety and quiet. Being summoned before the Sanhedrin, he appeared robed in purple, with a strong guard of soldiers, and was not sentenced. Not long after receiving favor from Sextus, president of Syria, and Cassius, he punished Malichus his father’s murderer. He was made governor of Judea jointly with his brother Phasael, B.C. 41. Antigonus being driven out of Judaea, joined the Parthians and got possession of Judea, 40 B.C., Herod flying to Rome, while Phasael killed himself. Octavius Caesar confirmed Herod in his office and Herod returned to Judaea, where he tried to gain the favor of the Jews by rebuilding and ornamenting the temple (commenced B.C. 24), and restoring such cities as Caesarea, Antipatris, Sebaste (Samaria), and others, besides public buildings in Damascus, Tripoli, Ptolemais, Tyre, Sidon, Askelon and Antioch (a large open space, paved with marble, having a cloister), and also frequent public games and feasts, all at his own expense.

He also made costly presents to Caesar and Agrippa. He is said to have destroyed the genealogies of the Jewish priestly families. These deeds were prompted by the ambition to connect his name with the prosperity of his country, like Solomon’s. The close of his career was stained with many cruel and barbarous crimes. His wives and children plotted against each other. (He had ten wives, two of whom were his own nieces.) Three of his sons (9, 10, 11) he had killed, with the mother of two (10, 11). In the midst of these family troubles, and of seditions in the city, he was seized with a terrible disorder in the bowels, and tried to kill himself, after giving orders for a magnificent funeral. He attempted to destroy the infant Jesus by killing all the children in Bethlehem (about 12), to get rid of an object of jealousy, for Jesus was spoken of as born king of the Jews. He died B.C. 4.

He maintained peace at home and abroad by his vigor and timely generosity, and conciliated the good-will of the Romans. Many coins of his reign are still extant. ( ) (15) had been destined as his father’s successor, but was appointed “tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea.” He first married a daughter of Aretas (king of Arabia Petraea), and afterward Herodias, his half-brother “Herod-Philip’s” wife. This Herodias caused the death of John the Baptist. Aretas, in revenge f