ft1 Scott’s Continuation of Milner, p. 472. — Waterman’s Life of Calvin, p. 210.

ft2 London Christian Observer, 1808, pp. 143,144.

ft3 See D’Aubigne’s History of the Reformation volume 3, p. 643. — Eng. Ed.

ft4 Burnet’s History of the Reformation, volume 2, p. 347.

ft5 Waterman’s Life, p. 137.

ft6 Villers’ Essay on the Reformation, p. 238.

ft7 Article, Geneva.

ft8 Pref. to Calvin’s Comment. on the Psalms, vol 1, p. 18.

ft9 D’Aubigne, 3, 639, 641. French Encyclop. As above, Taylor’s Biogr. of the age of Elizabeth, p. 17.

ft10 Waterman, 35. Waterman’s edition of it, Hartford, 1815. Irving’s Confessions of Faith, Appendix, and Pref. p. 124, and Neal’s Puritans, 1. 224.

ft11 In Scott, 497. See the similar judgment of Scaliger in Bayle, 265, and Beza, 120, 204.

ft12 Scott’s Centin. of Milner, vol. 3. 175, 414, 382, 387.

ft13 Ibid. p. 466.

ft14 Bayle’s Dict. — art. Calvin. BB. and Scott, 489.

ft15 Dr. Taylor’s Biography of the Age of Elizabeth, volume 2, p. 24.

ft16 History of Switzerland. London 1832; p. 227.

ft17 Scott, ibid. 404, and Waterman, 70. “Those, says Rousseau, who regard Calvin as a mere theologian, are ill-acquainted with the extent of his genius. The preparation of our wise Edicts, in which he had a great part, does him as much honor as his Institutes. Whatever revolution time may effect in our worship, while the love of country and of liberty shall exist among us, the memory of that great man shall never cease to be blessed.” 111

ft18 Sibson in Beza’s Life, Am. ed. pp. 111, 112.

ft19 Waterman, p. 34. Scott, ibid. 370. Beza’s Life, p. 101.

ft20 Bayle’s Dict. Volume 2, p. 268; note 10.

ft21 Ibid. p. 265, and note 2.

ft22 Waterman, p. 135.

ft23 Says D’Aubigne.

ft24 “However broken and deformed it may be, a church of some sort exists,” and in proof of this. he quotes 2 Thessalonians 2:4. See his letters to Socinus in 1549, and Scott, ibid. 400.

ft25 Letter to Farel from Strasburgh, 1538, in Waterman, pp. 249,250.

ft26 See Calvin’s views on the subject of Episcopacy, fully vindicated and established, by Dr. Miller, in his recent letters to Bishop Ives, and also in his work on the Christian Ministry, 2d ed. 8vo.

ft27 Institutes, Book I, chapter 16. §§ 8, 9.

ft28 Ibid. Book II, chapter 3. § 5, and Book I, chapter 18. § 2.

ft29 Institutes, Book II, chapter 5 §§ 1, 4, 5, etc.

ft30 See numerous extracts in proof, in Scott’s Contin. of Milner, volume 2. pp. 508, 521, 525, 379, 385, 405.

ft31 Institutes Book III, chapter 24, is entitled “Election Confirmed (i.e., made surely known to us. Scott, ibid. p. 577) by the divine calling, the just destruction to which the reprobate are destined, procured by themselves.” In the epistle of the pastors of Geneva, (Calv. Epist. p. 63-65, in Scott 406,) we find reprobation most offensively spoken of as proceeding “from the bare will and pleasure of God” — nudo Dei placito — when no such thing as we should understand by the words is meant. This appears from what presently follows: “It is beyond controversy, that the perdition of men is to be ascribed to their own wickedness;” and that the punishments which God inflicts on them are “deserved.” It would seem that all which they mean, and which Calvin generally, at least, means by such obnoxious language, is, that among a fallen and guilty race, God, according to his sovereign pleasure, chooses whom he will to bring to salvation, and whom (according to the title of Calvin’s work on Predestination) he will “leave in their 112 ruin.” This appears to be the constant meaning of Calvin, in the work which he now published on these subjects.

ft31A On Romans 5:18, — “The free gift came on all men to justification of life,” he remarks, “The apostle makes it a grace or favor common to all, because it is proposed (or set forth) to all; not because it is actually extended to (conferred on) all. For, though Christ suffered for the sins of the whole world, and is offered by the mercy of God to all indifferently, (without exception or distinction,) yet all do not embrace him.” On <620202>1 John 2:2, he says: “Christ suffered sufficiently for the whole world, but efficaciously only for the elect.” And finally, as early as the year 1535, in a preface to the New Testament in French, he says: — “At the appointed time the Messiah came, and amply performed whatever was necessary for the redemption of all. The benefit was not confined to Israel alone: it was rather to be extended to the whole human race; because by Christ alone the whole human race was to be reconciled to God.”

ft32 Institutes Book III, chapters 3. § 21, and chapter 22. § 10, and chapter 24. §§ 6, 8, 16, 17, and Scott, p. 597.

ft33 Institutes Book II chapter 1. §§ 10, 11, and Book II chapter 1, §§ 6, 8.

ft34 Ibid. Book I chapter 15. §§ 4 & 6; Book II chapter 2. § 12, and Book II chapter 1, §§ 13, 19, 22, 24, and chapter 3. § 4.

ft35 Institutes Book III chapter 24. § 4, and chapter 14. §§ 17-21.

ft36 In his Institutes Book IV chapter 16 where he argues against those who affirmed that regeneration cannot take place in early infancy — “God,” says he, “adopts infants and washes them in the blood of his Son,” and “they are regarded by Christ as among his flock.” Again, (Institutes Book IV chapter 16. § 31, p. 461, see also pp. 435, 436, 451,) he says of John 3:36, “Christ is not speaking of the general guilt in which all the descendants of Adam are involved, but only threatening the despisers of the gospel who proudly and obstinately reject the grace that is offered them; and this his nothing to do with infants. I likewise oppose a contrary argument; all those whom Christ blesses are exempted from the curse of Adam and the wrath of God; and it is known that infants were blessed by him; it follows that they are exempted from death.” 113

ft37 Institutes Book IV chapter 19. §§ 4, 13.

ft38 “If you read the letters of Calvin, you will find very little about predestination, and very much about all the other doctrines of Christianity.”

ft39 See Scott’s Contin. of Milner, volume 8, pt. 545, 550, and 583, and Bib. Repertory, 1831, p. 421.

ft40 Dr. Taylor’s Biography of the Age of Elizabeth, volume 2, p. 46.

ft41 See Clarke’s History of Intol., volume 1. p. 18 and 21.

ft42 Viller on the Reformation, p. 260.

ft42A Scott’s Contin. volume 8, 420, 432, 433, 435, 437, 438. D’Aubigne History of Reformation volume 3, p. 630. Beza’s Life, pp. 109, 110, 156, 197.

ft42B “To appreciate,” says D’Aubigne, “the Reformer’s sentiments as regards heresy, we must do something similar to what is done when we wish to appreciate the strength of a river; we must separate it into two forces. We must thus separate Calvin’s feeling against heresy. One force was excellent, it belonged to Calvin; the other is deplorable, it belongs to the age he lived in. The part that belongs to Calvin is the horror he feels for false doctrines, which attack the glory of God in Jesus Christ. Would to God we felt more of this horror for all that is false and evil! But to the sixteenth century belongs the idea that the faults committed against the first table of the law, or against God, ought to be punished by human tribunals, and by such a punishment as would be inflicted for faults committed against the second table, or against man. This was a Judaizing error: the sixteenth century had not yet understood that all that belongs to the theocracy of the Old Testament cannot be applied to the Christian Church. Calvin, in this respect, was a man of his age; Melancthon was also. It is said, but can we be surprised at it? A longer period of time and greater discernment is required to perceive these errors than those which assault our faith in a more direct manner. I know almost only Luther who, on this point (religious liberty,) was in advance of his age.

ft43 Beza’s Life, pp. 168, 203. Philad. ed.

ft44 Scott, ibid. 423. Beza, ibid. 163. 114

ft45 Scott, ibid. 347, 356, 374, 430, 443. Beza ibid. 167, 180, and 199.

ft46 Scott, ibid. pp. 434, 440. Beza’s Life, ibid. 168, 283.

ft47 Scott, ibid. 427, 436. Beza’s Life, ibid. 169, 195.

ft48 Scott, ibid. 439. Williams’ Relig. Liberty, p. 135.

ft49 See further remarks in Appendix, No. 1.

ft50 Scott’s Contin. of Milner, p. 374.

ft51 Institutes Book IV chapter 20. § 8.

ft52 “He lived in a day when nations were shaken to their center, by the excitement of the Reformation, when the fields of Holland and France were wet with the carnage of persecution; when vindictive monarchs on the one side threatened all Protestants with outlawry and death, and the Vatican on the other sent forth its anathemas and its cry for blood. In that day, it is too true, the influence of an ancient, long established, hardly disputed error, the constant danger of his position, the intensest desire to secure union among the antagonists of Popery, the engrossing consciousness that this struggle was for the emancipation of the Christian world, induced the great Reformer to defend the use of the sword for the extirpation of error. Reprobating and lamenting his adhesion to the cruel doctrine, which all Christendom had for centuries implicitly received, we may as republicans, remember that Calvin was not only the founder of a sect, but foremost among the most efficient of modern republican legislators. More truly benevolent to the human race than Solon, more self-denying than Lycurgus, the genius of Calvin infused enduring elements into the institutions of Geneva, and made it for the modern world the impregnable fortress of popular liberty, the fertile seed-plot of democracy.” — From an address to the public, by G. Bancroft, Esq.

ft53 Scott, ibid. pp. 462, 464.

ft54 There is another blessing for which, as Christians, we are indebted to Calvin, and which cannot be too highly estimated; I mean congregational psalmody. Calvin encouraged Mater to make his metrical version of the Psalms. He wrote a preface to them, when first published, in 1548. He took care to have them set to music by the most distinguished musicians, he then introduced them into the public 115 service of the church. The mode of singing psalms in measured verse was thus first introduced by Calvin, at Geneva, in 1548. From that church the practice went forth into all the reformed churches in France, and was introduced into England by the Presbyterians who resided at Geneva, and established an English church there during the Marian persecution. The English exiles, while at Geneva, commenced and completed a translation of the Scriptures into the English language. The principal translators were Miles Coverdale, Christopher Goodman, John Knox, Anthony Gilby, or Gibbs, Thomas Sampson, William Cole, and William Whittingham. They divided the chapters into verses, and added notes in the margin, and also tables, maps, etc., and published it, with a dedication to Queen Elizabeth, in 1560. The psalms, versified and set to music, as in the church of Geneva, were annexed to this Bible. This version has been known as that of Sternhold and Hopkins. The initials of the name of the versifier were prefixed to each psalm. Thus the psalms, versified in English, came into England, and were allowed, first, to be sung before the morning and evening service; and at length they were published with this declaration: — Psalms set forth and allowed to be sung in all churches, before and after morning and evening prayer, as also before and after sermons. And in a short time they superseded the Te Deum, Benedicite, Magnificat, and Nunc dimittis, which had been retained from the Romish Church. Bayle, Art. Marot; Neal, p. 109; Heylin, pp. 213, 214; Rees’ Cy., art. Bible; Burner, p. 290; Waterman’s Life of Calvin, p. 403.

ft55 See in the Appendix. Speaking of his will, Bayle, the great infidel philosopher, says: — “For a man who had acquired so great a reputation and authority, to content himself with a hundred crowns a year salary, and after having lived till near fifty-five years of age with the greatest frugality, to leave behind him no more than three hundred crowns, his library included, is something so heroical, that it must be stupidity itself not to admire it. To conclude, such a will as this of Calvin’s, and such a disinterestedness, is a thing so very extraordinary, as might make even those who cast their eyes on the philosophers of ancient Greece, say of him, non inveni tantam fidem in Israel. I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel.” See his Dictionary, fol. 2. art. Calvin. 116

ft56 The following are the lines of Beza, in reference to Calvin’s tomb: Why, in this humble and unnoticed tomb, Is Calvin laid, the dread of falling Rome, Mourned by the good, and by the wicked feared, By all who knew his excellence revered; From whom ev’n Virtue’s self might virtue learn, And young and old its value may discern? ‘Twas modesty, his constant friend on earth, That laid this stone, unsculptured with a name. O happy turf, enriched with Calvin’s worth, More lasting far than marble is thy fame.

ft57 The Rev. Mr. Sibson, A. B., of Trinity Coll., Dublin, in his Transl. of Beza’s Life, pp. 118. 119.

ft58 See these views fully and literally sustained by the Confession of the French Churches, article 31, Quick’s Synodicon, volume 1, page 13; and by many other reformed bodies and authors as given in Henderson’s Revelation & Consid. pp. 252-263.

ft59 See Broughtoh’s Eccl. Diet. Vol. 2, 468.

ft60 Beza’s Life.

ft61 The offering of the sacrifice of the body and blood of Christ by transubstantiation.

ft62 Calvin, 1, Opp. folio. 1.

ft63 See Seaman’s Vind. of the judgment of the Reformed Church concerning Ordination. London, 1647.

ft64 Hoc tamen honorifico munere dignatus est, ut evangelii praeco essem ac minister. Op. Tom. 3.

ft65 Ad. J. Sadoletum Responio, etc., in Op. Tom. 8. 105, etc.

ft66 Animadversiones in Bellarm. Controv. V Lib. cap. 3, in Dr. Miller on Min. p. 407.

ft67 Controy. V. Lib. cap. 3, in Dr. Miller on Min.

ft68 See Examinations and Writings of Philpot, Parker Society edition, pp. 45,46.

ft69 Foxe’s Exam. of Philpot.

ft70 Eccl. Pol. Pref. volume 1. pp. 158, 159, Keble’s ed. 117

ft71 Strype’s Mere. II. 1. p. 531, 532, Oxf. ed. Strype’s Grindal, p. 156, Oxf. ed.

ft72 Wilkin’s Concilia, etc., volume 4. p. 321, 322.

ft73 Bullinger on the Sacraments, Cambridge, 1840, p. 287.

ft74 See Zurich Letters, 1558-1579, Parker Society, p. 127.

ft75 This is the gentleman who has figured so much of late, as a convert to Popery, laving resigned into the hands of the Pope the insignia of his office as Bishop of the Episcopal Church in North Carolina. — Editor of the Board.

ft76 Guericke, Kirchengesch. p. 1151.