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    • CHAPTER 13

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    FROM MIRACLES TO MEDICINE.

  • I THE EARLY AND SACRED THEORIES OF DISEASE
    — Naturalness of the idea of supernatural intervention in causing and curing disease
    — Prevalence of this idea in ancient civilizations
    — Beginnings of a scientific theory of medicine
    — The twofold influence of Christianity on the healing art

  • II GROWTH OF LEGENDS OF HEALING THE LIFE OF XAVIER AS A TYPICAL EXAMPLE
    — Growth of legends of miracles about the lives of great benefactors of humanity
    — Sketch of Xavier’s career
    — Absence of miraculous accounts in his writings and those of his contemporaries
    — Direct evidence that Xavier wrought no miracles
    — Growth of legends of miracles as shown in the early biographies of him
    — As shown in the canonization proceedings
    — Naturalness of these legends

  • III THE MEDIAEVAL MIRACLES OF HEALING CHECK MEDICAL SCIENCE
    — Character of the testimony regarding miracles
    — Connection of mediaeval with pagan miracles
    — Their basis of fact
    — Various kinds of miraculous cures
    — Atmosphere of supernaturalism thrown about all cures
    — Influence of this atmosphere on medical science

  • IV THE ATTRIBUTION OF DISEASE TO SATANIC INFLUENCE
    — “PASTORAL MEDICINE” CHECKS SCIENTIFIC EFFORT.
    — Theological theory as to the cause of disease
    — Influence of self-interest on “pastoral medicine”
    — Development of fetichism at Cologne and elsewhere
    — Other developments of fetich cure

  • V THEOLOGICAL OPPOSITION TO ANATOMICAL STUDIES
    — Medieval belief in the unlawfulness of meddling with the bodies of the dead
    — Dissection objected to on the ground that “the Church abhors the shedding of blood”
    — The decree of Boniface VIII and its results

  • VI NEW BEGINNINGS OF MEDICAL SCIENCE
    — Galen
    — Scanty development of medical science in the Church
    — Among Jews and Mohammedans
    — Promotion of medical science by various Christian laymen of the Middle Ages
    — By rare men of science
    — By various ecclesiastics

  • VII THEOLOGICAL DISCOURAGEMENT OF MEDICINE
    — Opposition to seeking cure from disease by natural means
    — Requirement of ecclesiastical advice before undertaking medical treatment
    — Charge of magic and Mohammedanism against men of science
    — Effect of ecclesiastical opposition to medicine
    — The doctrine of signatures
    — The doctrine of exorcism
    — Theological opposition to surgery
    — Development of miracle and fetich cures
    — Fashion in pious cures
    — Medicinal properties of sacred places
    — Theological argument in favor of miraculous cures
    — Prejudice against Jewish physicians

  • VIII FETICH CURES UNDER PROTESTANTISM THE ROYAL TOUCH
    — Luther’s theory of disease
    — The royal touch
    — Cures wrought by Charles II
    — By James II
    — By William III
    — By Queen Anne
    — By Louis XIV
    — Universal acceptance of these miracles

  • IX THE SCIENTIFIC STRUGGLE FOR ANATOMY
    — Occasional encouragement of medical science in the Middle Ages
    — New impulse given by the revival of learning and the age of discovery
    — Paracelsus and Mundinus
    — Vesalius, the founder of the modem science of anatomy.
    — His career and fate

  • X THEOLOGICAL OPPOSITION TO INOCULATION, VACCINATION, AND THE USE OF ANAESTHETICS
    — Theological opposition to inoculation in Europe
    — In America
    — Theological opposition to vaccination
    — Recent hostility to vaccination in England
    — In Canada, during the smallpox epidemic
    — Theological opposition to the use of cocaine
    — To the use of quinine
    — Theological opposition to the Use of anesthetics

  • XI FINAL BREAKING AWAY OF THE THEOLOGICAL THEORY IN MEDICINE
    — Changes incorporated in the American Book of Common Prayer
    — Effect on the theological view of the growing knowledge of the relation between imagination and medicine
    — Effect of the discoveries in hypnotism
    — In bacteriology
    — Relation between ascertained truth and the “ages of faith”

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